Table 3.

Flavonoids having cardio protective effects.

Plants Whose FCC Have Cardio Protective Effect	Myocardial Injury	Animal/Cell Line Used for Experiment	In-Vivo/Ex-Vivo	Mechanism	p Value	Ref.
Euphorbia humifusa, Agrimomia pilosa, Juglans regia	Isoproterenol (ISO)	Male Wistar Rats	In-vivo	activation of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway	p < 0.01	[140]
Dracocephalum moldavica L (Figure 7, Right side)	Ischemia Reperfusion-induced	Male Sprague-Dawley rats	In-vivo	TFDM halted myocardial apoptosis as mediated by the PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β and ERK1/2 signaling pathways.	p >0.05	[141]
Rutin	ischemia-reperfusion (MI/R)	Male Sprague-Dawley rats	In-vivo	SIRT1/Nrf2 signaling pathway is a possible therapeutic target for the treatment of oxidative stress and apoptosis related myocardial diseases	p < 0.01	[142]
Dalbergia stipulacea and Hymendictyon excelsum	N/A	Blood	E-vivo	the extracts produced anti-inflammatory effect due to surface area/volume ratio of cells, and this can be obtained through an extension of membrane or the reduction of the cells volume and an interaction with membrane proteins	p < 0.0001	[143]
Ulva lactuca (Figure 7, Left side)	cervical decapitation	Hypercholesterolemic mice	In vitro	TNF-a, IL-1b and IL-6 significantly decreased	p < 0.05	[144]
Clinopodium chinense	Intragastric ISO	Male Sprague-Dawley (SD)	In vivo and In vitro	TFCC safeguard in myocardial injury and increases the cellular antioxidant defense power by stimulating the phosphorylation of AKT, which subsequently triggered the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway	p < 0.05	[145]
Carya cathayensis	Hypoxia/Reoxygenation	H9c2 cell line	In vitro	Halt the cell apoptosis, which is possibly mediated by changes in the expression of miR-21, PTEN/Akt, and Bcl/Bax.	p < 0.01	[146]
Panax notoginseng, safflower, Carthamus tinctorius	isoproterenol (ISO)-induced MI	Sprague-Dawley rats	In vivo	attenuate the NF-κB signaling pathway, depress the expressions of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and PLA2	p < 0.05	[147]
Rhododendron simsii	Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion	Sprague-Dawley rat	In vivo	Inhibition of UTR and the further blocking of RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway.	p < 0.01	[148]
Potentilla reptans roots	ischemia/reperfusion	Male Wistar rats	In vitro	NO release, Nrf2 pathway, and antioxidant activity resulted into lowering of apoptotic index	N/A	[149]
Gymnema sylvestre leaves	doxorubicin induced cardiac damage	Male Wistar rats	In vitro	pathological biochemical markers like creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), total cholesterol, triglycerides, uric acid, calcium, nitric oxide and melanoldehyde, and significantly raises the levels of endogenous protective antioxidant proteins	uric acid (p < 0.05) total cholesterol <0.05), triglycerides (p < 0.05)	[150]