Table 5.

Anti-inflammatory activity of Flavonoid’s.

Plant (Family)—Local Name	Part of Plant	Phytochemical Constituents	Isolated Compounds	Assay	Flavonoid Inhibition	Mechanism	Biological Activity	Ref.
Lotus plumule (Nymphaeaceae)	Fresh plant	Alkaloids and flavonoids, polysaccharides, tannins, proteins and fats	N/A	Cell viability assay, Griess reagent protocol, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay	N/A	Inhibit the production of NO radicals, PGE2 and TNF-α and pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-6	Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory	[216]
Cirsium japonicum (Asteraceae)	Dried powder	Phenolic acids, lignans, polyacetylenes, polysaccharide, sterols, triterpenes, sesquiterpene lactones, and alkaloids	flavonoids, saponins, polysaccharides, essential oil, coumarin and alkaloids	Nitric oxide (NO) and IL-6 measurement Quantitative real-time PCR analysis, Western blot	Flavonoids 94.2% NO inhibition	Flavonoids, saponin and essential oil inhibit NO production	Anti-inflammation, anti-cancer and anti-atherosclerosis	[217]
Lychee (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) (Sapindaceae)	Dried Seeds	oligosaccharides, phenolics, flavonoids	fifteen flavonoids	NO inhibitory assay	IC50 of Extracted flavonoid 43.56 ± 2.17 μM	N/A	Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant	[218]
Dillenia suffruticosa- simpoh air (Dilleniaceae)	Fresh leaves	triterpenoids, flavonoids, and their glycosides, the anthraquinone glycosides, phenolic derivatives, and tannins	triterpenoids betulinic acid, koetjapic acid, flavonoids vitexin, tiliroside, kaempferol	In vivo rat model of acute λ-carrageenan-induced paw oedema	Vitexin (27.97 ± 0.01% inhibition of COX-1 and 45.35 ± 0.01 of COX-2 at 200 μg/mL), (kaempferol) 9.89 ± 0.02 COX1 ± COX-2 49.25 ± 0.02, (tiliroside) COX-1 19.79 ± 0.00, COX-2 37.59 ± 0.01	potent inhibition of COX-2 than COX-1 reaction	Anti-inflammation	[219]
naringenin, naringenin chalcone, and quercetin				arachidonic acid-(AA) and tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-(TPA) induced ear edema			anti-inflammatory and antiallergic activity	[220]
Severinia buxifolia (Rutaceae)	Branches	acridone alkaloids, tetranorterpenoids, coumarins, limonoids, and sesquiterpenes	N/A	albumin denaturation, membrane stabilization, and antiproteinase activity	The S. buxifolia methanolic extracts IC50 value against albumin denaturation was (μg/mL) 28.86 ± 4.80	It is possible that bioactive compounds in the extract protect lysosomal membranes activation of phospholipases. for the anti-inflammatory activity of S. buxifolia extracts via a membrane stabilization effect	Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory	[221]
Scutellaria moniliorrhiza (Lamiaceae)	Herb	N/A	Four flavonoid compounds	Bioassay using rats	Inhibitory activities with IC50 values being in the range of 2.29 e3.03 mM.	N/A	anti-inflammatory activities, inhibitory activities against aldose reductase	[222]
Citrus reticulata—Orange	Dried peel	Flavonoids, Phenolic acids	N/A	Levels of iNOS and COX-2 mRNA in RAW 264.7 cells were measured using RT-PCR	N/A	highest content of nobiletin and tangeretin, also produced a strong affinity to inhibit iNOS and COX-2 expression in LPS and IFN-c induced Raw 264.7 cells. We attribute this observation to the presence of a greater number of methoxy groups in nobiletin compared to the other flavonoid species studied.	antioxidant and anti-inflammatory	[223]
Black mulberry (Morus nigra L.) (Moraceae)	Fruit	N/A	N/A	ELISA to detect the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and NO in the serum of mice	Ear edema 65.2% inhibited	inhibitory activities of proinflammatory cytokines	Antinociceptive, Anti-inflammatory	[224]
Citrus bergamia—bergamot (Rutaceae)	Juice	Neohesperidin, naringin, melitidin, neoeriocitrin, hesperetin, naringenin		N/A	N/A	Inhibit intestinal inflammation by reducing: ROS/RNS production—inflammatory NF-κB and MAPKs pathways—pro-inflammatory cytokines levels and neutrophil infiltration—adhesion molecules expression—oxidative and nitrosative stress—tissue injury	Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities	[225]