Table 3.
Distribution of probable GAD or MDE for sociodemographic and potential stressor variables, together with estimated crude and adjusted complete case multilevel logistic model odds ratios (ORs) and associated 95% confidence intervals (CIs).
| GAD or MDE | Crude | Adjusted 1 | Adjusted 2 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | n | (%) | OR | (95% CI) | aOR | (95% CI) | aOR | (95% CI) | |
| Sex | |||||||||
| Female | 4555.6 | 1470.9 | (32.3) | 1.24 | (1.09, 1.42) | 1.34 | (1.20, 1.50) | 1.24 | (1.07, 1.44) |
| Male | 4225.4 | 1175.1 | (27.8) | 1 | (reference) | 1 | (reference) | 1 | (reference) |
| Age (years) | |||||||||
| 18–24 | 950.8 | 422.9 | (44.5) | 4.27 | (2.74, 6.65) | 3.38 | (2.81, 4.07) | 3.00 | (2.16, 4.17) |
| 25–34 | 1646.0 | 699.3 | (42.5) | 3.88 | (2.59, 5.82) | 2.74 | (2.16, 3.46) | 2.61 | (1.91, 3.56) |
| 35–44 | 1459.0 | 543.6 | (37.3) | 3.07 | (2.06, 4.57) | 2.37 | (1.97, 2.84) | 2.13 | (1.60, 2.85) |
| 45–54 | 1600.7 | 461.1 | (28.8) | 2.12 | (1.60, 2.80) | 1.96 | (1.64, 2.35) | 1.71 | (1.33, 2.21) |
| 55–64 | 1478.7 | 263.6 | (17.8) | 1.14 | (0.75, 1.72) | 1.35 | (1.15, 1.59) | 1.10 | (0.75, 1.61) |
| ≥65 | 1670.7 | 270.2 | (16.2) | 1 | (reference) | 1 | (reference) | 1 | (reference) |
| Household composition | |||||||||
| Alone | 1484.9 | 391.0 | (26.3) | 1 | (reference) | 1 | (reference) | 1 | (reference) |
| Children | 2941.5 | 968.5 | (32.9) | 1.32 | (1.00, 1.74) | 1.07 | (0.89, 1.29) | 1.17 | (0.95, 1.4) |
| Other | 4378.6 | 1300.0 | (29.7) | 1.17 | (1.01, 1.35) | 0.95 | (0.88, 1.02) | 0.97 | (0.88, 1.07) |
| Essential worker | |||||||||
| No | 6512.1 | 1803.0 | (27.7) | 1 | (reference) | 1 | (reference) | 1 | (reference) |
| Yes | 2113.9 | 793.2 | (37.5) | 1.56 | (1.27, 1.91) | 1.07 | (0.93, 1.24) | 1.21 | (1.01, 1.43) |
| Self-isolation/quarantine | |||||||||
| No | 3182.5 | 719.5 | (22.6) | 1 | (reference) | 1 | (reference) | 1 | (reference) |
| Yes, case/symptom-free | 4387.1 | 1317.0 | (30.0) | 1.46 | (1.28, 1.67) | 1.38 | (1.21, 1.57) | 1.31 | (1.15, 1.49) |
| Yes, case or symptoms | 949.4 | 491.2 | (51.7) | 3.60 | (2.58, 5.04) | 2.16 | (1.62, 2.87) | 2.27 | (1.74, 2.97) |
| Financial losses | |||||||||
| No | 3743.0 | 854.7 | (22.8) | 1 | (reference) | 1 | (reference) | 1 | (reference) |
| Yes | 4008.6 | 1441.8 | (36.0) | 1.83 | (1.63, 2.06) | 1.35 | (1.12, 1.64) | 1.36 | (1.17, 1.58) |
| Unsure/unknown | 1054.4 | 364.1 | (34.5) | 1.91 | (1.64, 2.22) | 1.46 | (1.19, 1.79) | 1.50 | (1.25, 1.80) |
| Threat perceived for oneself and/or family | |||||||||
| High | 2967.5 | 1278.6 | (43.1) | 2.43 | (2.08, 2.84) | 1.99 | (1.83, 2.17) | 2.12 | (1.91, 2.36) |
| Otherwise | 5569.5 | 1297.9 | (23.3) | 1 | (reference) | 1 | (reference) | 1 | (reference) |
| Threat perceived for country and/or world | |||||||||
| High | 6223.2 | 2050.7 | (33.0) | 1.65 | (1.40, 1.94) | 1.43 | (1.26, 1.63) | 1.31 | (1.19, 1.45) |
| Otherwise | 2284.8 | 524.5 | (23.0) | 1 | (reference) | 1 | (reference) | 1 | (reference) |
| Being a victim of stigma | |||||||||
| No | 6607.1 | 1700.0 | (25.7) | 1 | (reference) | 1 | (reference) | 1 | (reference) |
| Yes | 1254.7 | 615.1 | (49.0) | 2.71 | (2.11, 3.49) | 1.45 | (1.21, 1.73) | 1.57 | (1.28, 1.92) |
| Decline to answer | 944.1 | 345.5 | (36.6) | 1.67 | (1.38, 2.03) | 1.17 | (0.95, 1.43) | 1.30 | (1.08, 1.56) |
| Level of information about COVID-19 | |||||||||
| High (9–10) | 2784.5 | 840.0 | (30.2) | 1 | (reference) | 1 | (reference) | 1 | (reference) |
| Otherwise (1–8) | 6021.5 | 1820.6 | (30.2) | 1.03 | (0.93, 1.13) | 0.85 | (0.77, 0.95) | 0.86 | (0.78, 0.94) |
| Trust in authorities score | |||||||||
| Q1 (low) | 2361.8 | 828.6 | (35.1) | 1.59 | (1.06, 2.39) | 1.66 | (1.21, 2.27) | 1.83 | (1.34, 2.51) |
| Q2 | 2121.9 | 665.0 | (31.3) | 1.37 | (1.16, 1.61) | 1.36 | (1.29, 1.44) | 1.41 | (1.33, 1.49) |
| Q2 | 2166.3 | 602.8 | (27.8) | 1.13 | (0.92, 1.39) | 1.21 | (0.98, 1.50) | 1.23 | (0.99, 1.52) |
| Q4 (high) | 2156.0 | 564.3 | (26.2) | 1 | (reference) | 1 | (reference) | 1 | (reference) |
| False beliefs score * | |||||||||
| Q1 (low) | 1987.6 | 382.0 | (19.2) | 1 | (reference) | 1 | (reference) | - | - |
| Q2 | 1900.7 | 437.3 | (23.0) | 1.29 | (1.12, 1.48) | 1.17 | (1.07, 1.27) | - | - |
| Q3 | 1931.5 | 572.0 | (29.6) | 1.82 | (1.33, 2.50) | 1.52 | (1.14, 2.02) | - | - |
| Q4 (high) | 1846.2 | 898.6 | (48.7) | 4.08 | (2.69, 6.17) | 2.55 | (1.87, 3.46) | - | - |
| Social networks used as a regular source of information | |||||||||
| Often/always | 2685.1 | 1054.5 | (39.3) | 1.79 | (1.42, 2.24) | 1.09 | (0.94, 1.28) | 1.16 | (1.00, 1.35) |
| Sometimes/never | 5780.9 | 1522.6 | (26.3) | 1 | (reference) | 1 | (reference) | 1 | (reference) |
| Friend/family/coworkers as a regular source of information | |||||||||
| Often/always | 3514.5 | 1232.7 | (35.1) | 1.42 | (1.26, 1.60) | 1.02 | (0.88, 1.19) | 1.11 | (0.99, 1.25) |
| Sometimes/never | 5113.5 | 1374.7 | (26.9) | 1 | (reference) | 1 | (reference) | 1 | (reference) |
| Sense of coherence | |||||||||
| Strong (5–6) | 2649.7 | 357.2 | (13.5) | 1 | (reference) | 1 | (reference) | 1 | (reference) |
| Weak (0–4) | 6156.3 | 2303.4 | (37.4) | 3.80 | (3.16. 4.57) | 3.13 | (2.73, 3.59) | 3.21 | (2.73, 3.77) |
* Data not collected in Hong Kong; 1 excluding Hong Kong (n = 6776); 2 including Hong Kong (n = 7819).