Table 1.

Bluetongue epidemiological parameters.

Parameter	Description	Temperature Independent		Temperature-Dependent
		Values	References	Values	References
$d_v$	Vector mortality rate	0.16 [0.1–0.5]	[36,37]	$0.009e^{0.16T}$	[36]
bv	Vector fertility rate	6.1 eggs/year	[38]
αv	Latency rate for vector	0.09 [0.06–0.1]	[33,36]	$0.0003T\left(T-10.4\right)$	[35,36]
Pvh	Transmission Vector-host	0.9 [0.8–1.0]	[36]
as	Biting rate	0.17 [0.05–0.4]	[36]	$0.0002\times T\times \left(T-3.7\right)\times {\left(41.9-T\right)}^{\raisebox{1ex}{$1$}\!\left/ \!\raisebox{-1ex}{$27$}\right.}$	[36]
dh	Host mortality rate	0.0005 (Sylvo-pastoral area) 0.0008 (Agro-pastoral area)	[39]
bh	Host fertility rate	0.002 (Sylvo-pastoral area) 0.0015 (Agro-pastoral area)	[39]
αh	Latency rate for host	0.0625	[33]
rh	Recovery rate for host	0.125	[27,36]
dh	Host mortality rate	0.0005 (Sylvo-pastoral area) 0.0008 (Agro-pastoral area)	[39]
bh	Host fertility rate	0.002 (Sylvo-pastoral area) 0.0015 (Agro-pastoral area)	[39]
αh	Latency rate for host	0.0625	[33]
rh	Recovery rate for host	0.125	[27,36]
Phv	Transmission Host Vector	0.05 [0.001–0.15]	[36,37]
ph	Disease induced mortality	0.01 [0.001–0.01]	[36]
${\eta }_h$	Rate of immunity loss	1/90	[39]