Table 4.
Outcomes variable within-group values.
| T0 | T1 | T2 | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | End of Treatment | Difference Between Baseline | 3 Months Post-Treatment |
Difference Between Baseline | ||||||||
| Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | (95% CI) | p-Value | ES | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | (95% CI) | p-Value | ES | ||
| Control Group | Flexion GCS | 59.42 ± 9.67 | 58.96 ± 7.69 | −0.46 ± 7.91 | −4.44/−3.52 | 1.000 | 0.05 | 61.85 ± 8.96 | 2.42 ± 10.59 | −2.91/7.75 | 0.764 | 0.26 |
| Extension GCS | 39.56 ± 9.63 | 37.37 ± 8.72 | −2.19 ± 10.20 | −7.33/2.94 | 0.851 | 0.24 | 38.27 ± 10.30 | −1.29 ± 11.69 | −7.17/4.59 | 1.000 | 0.13 | |
| Right SB | 26.65 ± 6.77 | 28.29 ± 7.41 | 1.63 ± 8.92 | −1.97/5.24 | 1.000 | 0.23 | 30.23 ± 7.65 | 3.58 ± 9.46 | −0.24/7.40 | 0.196 | 0.50 | |
| Left SB | 28.56 ± 7.80 | 29.33 ± 8.48 | 0.77 ± 7.98 | −3.24/4.78 | 1.000 | 0.09 | 28.56 ± 7.80 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00/0.00 | 1.000 | 0.00 | |
| Right Rotation GCS | 49.83 ± 8.08 | 50.31 ± 8.61 | 0.48 ± 9.56 | −3.38/4.34 | 1.000 | 0.06 | 51.85 ± 8.05 | 2.02 ± 8.46 | −1.40/5.43 | 0.704 | 0.02 | |
| Left Rotation GCS | 50.83 ± 12.55 | 51.94 ± 10.57 | 1.12 ± 11.04 | −4.43/6.67 | 1.000 | 0.10 | 52.37 ± 13.01 | 1.54 ± 9.86 | −3.42/6.49 | 1.000 | 0.12 | |
| Flexion UCS | 12.42 ± 5.60 | 12.56 ± 5.09 | 0.13 ± 6.22 | −2.38/2.65 | 1.000 | 0.03 | 9.75 ± 3.31 | −2.67 ± 7.14 | −5.56/0.21 | 0.203 | 0.58 | |
| Extension UCS | 11.61 ± 4.28 | 11.79 ± 5.16 | 0.17 ± 5.99 | −2.25/2.59 | 1.000 | 0.04 | 10.56 ± 4.13 | −1.06 ± 5.89 | −3.44/1.32 | 1.000 | 0.25 | |
| FRT More Restricted | 25.35 ± 6.38 | 29.79 ± 5.76 | 4.44 ± 7.71 | 0.56/8.32 | 0.021 | 0.73 | 31.77 ± 6.07 | 6.42 ± 8.56 | 2.11/10.74 | 0.017 | 1.03 | |
| FRT Less restricted | 37.19 ± 7.04 | 31.71 ± 4.64 | −5.48 ± 7.32 | −9.16/−1.80 | 0.002 | 0.92 | 32.63 ± 7.37 | −4.56 8.97 | −9.07/−0.04 | 0.047 | 0.63 | |
| IST Group | Flexion GCS | 55.50 ± 12.04 | 53.56 ± 11.84 | −1.94 ± 13.40 | −7.36/3.47 | 1.000 | 0.16 | 59.50 ± 8.83 | 4.00 ± 13.47 | −1.44/9.44 | 0.427 | 0.38 |
| Extension GCS | 34.86 ± 8.46 | 34.58 ± 11.49 | −0.29 ± 10.66 | −5.65/5.08 | 1.000 | 0.03 | 39.71 ± 10.36 | 4.85 ± 8.51 | 0.56/9.13 | 0.023 | 0.51 | |
| Right SB | 26.38 ± 6.65 | 30.17 ± 8.10 | 3.79 ± 6.60 | 0.47/7.11 | 0.022 | 0.51 | 30.90 ± 8.59 | 4.52 ± 5.99 | 1.50/7.53 | 0.002 | 0.54 | |
| Left SB | 26.31 ± 7.88 | 30.58 ± 8.21 | 4.27 ±7.80 | 0.34/8.19 | 0.030 | 0.53 | 26.67 ± 8.63 | 0.37 ± 1.86 | −0.57/1.30 | 0.981 | 0.04 | |
| Right Rotation GCS | 45.56 ± 8.54 | 49.52 ± 13.00 | 3.96 ± 14.16 | −1.76/9.68 | 0.498 | 0.36 | 51.12 ± 11.82 | 5.56 ± 12.55 | 0.49/10.63 | 0.099 | 0.54 | |
| Left Rotation GCS | 46.19 ± 12.78 | 46.19 ± 12.50 | 0.00 ± 10.25 | −5.16/5.16 | 1.000 | 0.00 | 52.29 ± 11.24 | 6.10 ± 11.85 | 0.13/12.06 | 0.044 | 0.51 | |
| Flexion UCS | 10.54 ± 5.28 | 12.48 ± 6.20 | 1.94 ± 5.84 | −0.42/4.30 | 0.307 | 0.34 | 11.06 ± 7.25 | 0.52 ± 8.30 | −2.83/3.87 | 1.000 | 0.08 | |
| Extension UCS | 9.96 ± 4.36 | 11.88 ± 4.44 | 1.92 ± 4.66 | −0.04/3.81 | 0.137 | 0.44 | 11.94 ± 5.13 | 1.98 ± 5.66 | −0.31/4.27 | 0.270 | 0.42 | |
| FRT More Restricted | 23.92 ± 6.44 | 33.02 ± 8.60 | 9.10 ± 7.82 | −13.03/−5.16 | 0.001 | 1.20 | 32.31 ± 7.32 | 8.38 ± 7.01 | 4.86/11.91 | 0.001 | 1.22 | |
| FRT Less restricted | 36.04 ± 7.28 | 36.40 ± 7.92 | 0.37 ± 7.03 | −3.17/3.90 | 1.000 | 0.05 | 33.38 ± 10.54 | −2.65 ± 10.53 | −7.95/2.64 | 0.631 | 0.29 | |
| UCTM Group | Flexion GCS | 60.29 ± 14.62 | 62.79 ± 12.68 | 2.50 ±12.20 | −2.43/7.43 | 0.918 | 0.18 | 62.02 ± 11.61 | 1.73 ± 12.90 | −3.48/6.94 | 1.000 | 0.13 |
| Extension GCS | 40.44 ± 8.01 | 44.12 ± 9.72 | 3.67 ± 8.66 | −0.69/8.03 | 0.121 | 0.41 | 42.88 ± 6.28 | 2.44 ± 9.06 | −2.12/7.00 | 0.545 | 0.34 | |
| Right SB | 29.33 ± 9.97 | 33.38 ± 8.07 | 4.06 ± 10.75 | −0.28/8.40 | 0.197 | 0.45 | 32.33 ± 9.35 | 3.00 ± 10.01 | −2.03/8.03 | 0.417 | 0.31 | |
| Left SB | 30.19 ± 8.62 | 35.50 ± 10.59 | 5.31 ± 7.84 | 1.36/9.25 | 0.006 | 0.55 | 30.33 ± 8.81 | 0.13 ± 0.69 | −0.21/0.48 | 0.981 | 0.02 | |
| Right Rotation GCS | 50.48 ± 11.46 | 53.44 ± 11.63 | 2.96 ± 9.90 | −1.04/6.96 | 0.420 | 0.26 | 56.27 ± 9.82 | 5.79 ± 11.71 | 1.06/10.52 | 0.055 | 0.54 | |
| Left Rotation GCS | 53.48 ± 12.79 | 54.56 ± 14.63 | 1.08 ± 13.18 | −5.53/7.07 | 1.000 | 0.08 | 57.63 ± 10.93 | 4.15 ± 8.79 | −0.27/8.58 | 0.071 | 0.32 | |
| Flexion UCS | 11.94 ± 4.58 | 12.83 ± 4.27 | 0.88 ± 6.32 | −1.67/3.44 | 1.000 | 0.20 | 12.71 ± 3.95 | 0.77 ± 5.88 | −1.60/3.14 | 1.000 | 0.18 | |
| Extension UCS | 10.35 ± 4.38 | 13.33 ± 5.02 | 2.98 ± 6.02 | 0.55/5.41 | 0.055 | 0.63 | 12.00 ± 4.00 | 1.65 ± 5.57 | −0.59/3.90 | 0.427 | 0.39 | |
| FRT More Restricted | 25.52 ± 7.65 | 36.63 ± 6.54 | 11.12 ± 5.65 | 8.27/13.95 | 0.001 | 1.56 | 38.60 ± 5.19 | 13.08 ± 7.25 | 9.42/10.73 | 0.001 | 2.00 | |
| FRT Less restricted | 38.23 ± 6.14 | 35.58 ± 7.32 | −2.65 ± 9.09 | −7.23/1.92 | 0.448 | 0.39 | 38.02 ± 5.53 | −0.21 ± 7.37 | −3.92/3.50 | 1.000 | 0.04 | |
Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; GCS, global cervical spine, UCS, upper cervical spine; SB, side-bending; FRT, Flexion–rotation test; p-value: ANOVA with repeated measures and Bonferroni post hoc test. ES, effect size Cohen’s d.