Table 2:

Measures of engraftment outcomes of bioengineered cardiac tissue with omentum

First author	Cell retention		Fibre organization and contacts formed		Infarct size, scar and wall changes
	Omentum- supported bioengineered tissue	Comparison group: bioengineered tissue no omentum support	Omentum- supported bioengineered tissue	Comparison group: bioengineered tissue no omentum support	Omentum- supported bioengineered tissue	Comparison group: bioengineered tissue no omentum support
Kainuma et al. [20]	Engrafted area remaining with time				Collagen content
	Day 7 = 0.3 mm2	Day 7 = 0.07 mm2			8%	13%
	Day 28 = 0.15 mm2	Day 28 = 0.05 mm2			LV wall thickness
					912 µm	688 µm
					Myocyte size
					16 µm	20 µm
Key findings	∼3–4× increased area of grafted cells remained in situ with omentum supporta				Scar collagen attenuation, less thick LV wall, reduced hypertrophy with omentum support
Kawamura et al. [22]	Cell % survival rate		Myosin heavy chain/myosin light chain-2 positive (striated filaments)
	1 month = 90% 3 months = 58%	1 month = 61% 3 months = 24%	Present	Not reported
Key findings	Improved grafted cell survival with omentum supporta		Well-organized sarcomere structure in cells with omentum support (not compared to control)
Lilyanna et al. [23]	Bioluminescence photon emission flux of labelled live donor cells (photons/s)				Scar size (LV cross sectional area % containing fibrosis)
	Day 1 = 6.5 × 107 Day 14 = 1.5 × 105	Day 1 = 7.6 × 107 Day 14 = 6.8 × 105			34.7%	35.7%
Key findings	Donor cell attrition rate in vivo over time comparable with or without omentum support				Minimal difference in scar with or without omentum support
Shudo et al. [24]					Infarct area
					∼6%	∼11%
Key findings					Infarct size (infarcted LV/total LV estimated by computer-based planimetry of Masson trichrome-staining) reduced with omentum supporta
Suzuki et al. [25]	Cardiomyocyte survival
	46%	31%
	Cell sheet thickness
	120 μm	70 μm
Key findings	Improved graft survival with omentum support
Takaba et al. [26]					Dynamic % wall thickening of infarct region
					49%	41%
Key findings					% fractional wall thickening (assessed by cine MRI for quantitative wall motion) increased with omentum support
Ueyama et al. [27]					Infarct size
					10%	16%
					LV circumference
					48 mm	56 mm
					Scar circumference
					16 mm	24 mm
					Infarct area wall thickness
					2.5 mm (ns)	2.0 mm (ns)
Key findings					Reduced infarct size, dilatation and scar. No significant difference in wall thickness
Zhang et al. [29]	Atrial tissue patch graft presence after 4 weeks				Scar thickness
	In situ	Not seen			∼0.4 mm (ns)	∼0.35 mm (ns)
					Infarct size
					∼38% (ns)	∼39% (ns)
Key findings	Troponin-stained graft survived with omentum support but did not without omentum support				No significant difference in scar thickness or infarct size with or without omentum supporta
Zhou et al. [30]	Quantification PCR of grafted cellsb		Connective protein Cx-43 expressionc		Collagen (scar) density
	Week 1 = 14.1 units Week 4 = 2.6 units	Week 1 = 3.8 units Week 4 = 1.2 units	0.23 units	0.19 units	16%	26%
Key findings	Cell survival rate in vivo over time improved with omentum support		Higher levels of Cx-43 suggested enhanced structural coupling of transplanted cells to host myocardium. Sham group (baseline) level = 0.31; MI with no treatment group level = 0.11		Reduced % fibrillar collagen in the infarction zone (semiquantitatively measured by picrosirius red staining under polarized light microscopy)

^aNumerical data extrapolated from graphical figure.

^bUnits expressed as ratio of optical density under UV light compared to reference sample at the same time.

^cCx-43 protein expression determined by western blot. Units expressed as ratio to the level of β-actin which was run on all blots.

Cx-43: connexin-43; LV: left ventricle; MI: myocardial infarction; MRI: magnetic resonance imaging; ns: result not statistically significant; PCR: polymerase chain reaction; UV: ultra-violet.