Table 6.
Phenolic compounds quantified in almonds and almond skins (mg/100 g).
| Compound | Almond | skin | References | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Flavonoids | ||||
| Flavan-3-ol | (+)-Catechin | 0.1–36.6 | 0.69–18.4 | [52,109,110,111,116,118,120,121,122,123,124,125] |
| (-)catechin gallate | 0.68–1.04 | [52,126,127] | ||
| Dihydrokaempferol | 0.04–9.8 | 4.99–6.02 | [111,118,126] | |
| Dihydroquercetin | 0.51–1.60 | n.d.–1.61 | [110,111,118,128] | |
| (-)-Epicatechin | 0.03–26.6 | 0.13–11.0 | [52,58,109,110,111,118,120,121,122,123,128,129] | |
| Epicatechin gallate | 1.34–2.60 | [52,126,127] | ||
| Gallocatechin gallate | n.d.–0.104 | [58] | ||
| (-)epigallocatechin gallate | 1.04–1.60 | [52] | ||
| (-)epigallocatechin | 8.07–8.87 | [52] | ||
| (-)gallocatechin | 1.17–3.26 | [52] | ||
| Flavanone | Eriodictyol | n.d.–0.46 | n.d.–0.78 | [58,110,111,118,120,126,128] |
| Eridictyol-7-O-glucoside | n.d.–0.49 | 0.04–3.38 | [58,110,111,118,120] | |
| Naringenin | 0.01–9.74 | 0.03–20.6 | [58,110,111,116,118,120,126,127,129] | |
| Naringenin-7-O-glucoside | 0–5.88 | 0.04–14.3 | [58,110,111,118,120,126,127,129] | |
| Flavonol | Isorhamnetin | 0.005–3.20 | 0.40–4.55 | [58,110,111,118,120,124,125,126,127,128,129,130] |
| Isorhamnetin-3-O-galactoside | 0.30–0.92 | [111,118] | ||
| Isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside | n.d.–14.9 | 0.20–16.9 | [58,110,120,126,127,129] | |
| Isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside | n.d.–74.1 | 0.53–75.7 | [58,110,111,118,120,126,127,128,129] | |
| Kaempferol | n.d.–0.49 | 0.01–1.25 | [110,111,116,118,120,123,124,125,126,128,129,130] | |
| Kaempferol-3-O-galactoside | n.d.–2.17 | 0.72–1.15 | [111,118,126] | |
| Kaempferol-3-O-glucoside | n.d.–3.77 | n.d.-39.0 | [58,110,111,118,120,126,128,129] | |
| Kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside | n.d.–23.3 | 0.10–23.9 | [58,109,110,111,118,120,126,127,128,129] | |
| Quercetin | n.d.–3.58 | 0.03–0.70 | [110,111,118,120,123,124,125,126,128,129,130] | |
| Quercetin-3-O-galactoside | 0.24–1.37 | n.d.-1.34 | [109,110,111,118,120,126] | |
| Quercetin-3-O-glucoside | 0.04–0.16 | n.d.-0.90 | [109,110,111,118,120,129] | |
| Quercetin-3-O-rutinoside | n.d.–1.66 | n.d.-41.2 | [58,111,118,120,126,127,129] | |
| Phenolic acids/aldehydes | ||||
| Hydroxybenzoic acid | p-Hydroxybenzoic acid | n.d.–1.23 | 0.03–1.90 | [58,110,111,116,118,120,126,129,131] |
| Gallic acid | 0.05–1.61 | n.d.–1.61 | [58,123,131] | |
| Protocatechuic acid | n.d.–6.19 | 0.04–4.46 | [58,110,111,116,118,120,131] | |
| Vanillic acid | n.d.–0.30 | 0.01–5.81 | [58,110,111,116,118,120,124,125,130,131] | |
| Ellagic acid | n.d.–0.135 | [116] | ||
| Hydroxybenzoic aldehyde | Protocatechuic aldehyde | 2.52–5.77 | 0.25–2.17 | [110,111,118] |
| Hydroxycinnamic acid | Chlorogenic acid | n.d.-2.29 | 0.17–9.57 | [58,110,111,116,118,120,123] |
| Caffeic acid | 0.11–3.21 | n.d.–3.21 | [116,123,125] | |
| o-Coumaric acid | 0.22–0.69 | [120,123,124,125,130] | ||
| p-Coumaric acid | 0.01–0.59 | n.d.–0.37 | [58,110,111,116,118] | |
| Ferulic acid | 0.02–2.15 | [116,125] | ||
| Proanthocyanidins | ||||
| A-type trimers | 0.16–0.53 | [111,118] | ||
| Procyanidin B1 | 1.69–7.28 | [111,118,121], | ||
| Procyanidin B2 | 0.03–8.30 | 0.23–3.39 | [110,111,118,122] | |
| Procyanidin B3 | 0.19–0.45 | [111,118,121,124,127] | ||
| Procyanidin B3+B1 | 0.30–2.96 | [110,111,118,121,122,124,125] | ||
| Procyanidin B5 | n.d.-0.43 | 0.23–1.51 | [110,111,118,121,122,124] | |
| Procyanidin B7 | 0.28–1.43 | 0.37–2.47 | [110,111,118,121,122,124] | |
| Procyanidin C1 | 0.11–2.55 | [110,121,122,124] | ||
| Tannins | ||||
| PAC dimers | 4.00–18.7 | [110,122,124] | ||
| PAC trimers | 2.70–14.0 | [122,124] | ||
| PAC 4–6 mers | 7.00–51.4 | [122,124] | ||
| PAC 7–10 mers | 9.60–52.0 | [122,124] | ||
| PAC polymers | 43.9–121 | [122,124] | ||