Table 2.

Examples of repurposed drugs negatively affecting biofilm formation, hyphal filamentation, or yeast growth in fungi.

Compounds	Fungi	Effects	Ref.
Haloperidol or benzocyclane derivative	C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. neoformans	Inhibition of filamentation, melanin production, and biofilm formation	[78]
Aripiprazole	C. albicans	Inhibition of biofilm formation and hyphal filamentation	[152]
Alexidine dihydrochloride	C. albicans, C. auris, A. fumigatus	Antibiofilm activity	[83]
Mefloquine	C. albicans, C. neoformans,	Inhibition of the expression of virulence traits: filamentation in C. albicans and capsule formation/melanization in C. neoformans	[155]
Pentamidine, bifonazole, econazole, alexidine, cetylpyridinium chloride, otilonium bromide, benzethonium chloride, niclosamide, disulfiram, temsirolimus	C. neoformans	Inhibition of spore germination and yeast growth	[100]
Sulfonamide drugs	C. albicans	Inhibition of biofilm	[113]
Miltefosine	C. albicans, C. auris, C. dubliniensis, C. glabrata, C. krusei, C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis, Sporothrix schenckii	Inhibition of both planktonic growth and biofilm formation; inhibition of Coccidioides posadasii filamentous phase and Histoplasma capsulatum filamentous/yeast phases	[116,117,119]
Mebendazole	C. neoformans	Antifungal activity against phagocytized C. neoformans: affected biofilms and reduced capsular dimensions	[157]
Quinacrine	C. albicans	Inhibition of biofilm and inhibition of planktonic growth (alkaline pH) and filamentation	[123]
Auranofin, pyrvinium pamoate, benzbromarone	C. albicans	Inhibition of biofilm formation	[124]
Finasteride	C. albicans	Inhibition of urinary biofilm formation and filamentation	[164]
Auranofin	C. albicans, Staphylococcus aureus	Inhibition of C. albicans and S. aureus (bacterium) mono- and dual biofilm formation	[161]
Panobinostat	C. albicans	Inhibition of biofilm, hyphal, and planktonic growth	[143]
Robenidine	A. fumigatus, C. albicans, C. neoformans, S. cerevisiae	Inhibition of yeast cell growth, filamentation, and biofilm formation	[167]
bis-Biguanide alexidine dihydrochloride	C. albicans	Antifungal and antibiofilm activity	[83]
Halogenated salicylanilide, niclosamide	C. albicans, C. auris	Antifilamentation and antibiofilm activities	[169]
Arachidonic acid	C. albicans, C. parapsilosis, C. glabrata, C. tropicalis	Antibiofilm activity	[88]
Aspirin, ibuprofen	C. albicans, Trichosporon asahii	Antibiofilm and antiplanktonic activity	[60,62]
Nortriptyline	C. utilis, C. krusei, C. glabrata	Antihyphal and antibiofilm activity	[74]
Quinine	C. albicans	Antifungal synergy with bicarbonate or hygromycin against biofilm	[125]