Figure 2.

Role of ketone bodies in the protection of NAFLD (Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease). Ketone bodies decrease inflammation by inhibiting NLRP3 and activating GPR109A; increase oxidative stress resistance by histone acetylation; and decrease energy intake by increasing satiety. Ketone bodies have a metabolic role, modifying factors such as peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α), fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF-21), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), sirtuins, Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1), c-AMP response element-binding (CREB), and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κβ).