Table 3.
Ornamental flowering plants and removal of wastewater pollutants in CWs (constructed wetlands) around the globe.
| Country | Type of Wastewater | Vegetation | Removal Efficiency of Pollutants (%) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brazil | Domestic | Heliconia psittacorum | TSS: 88, COD: 95, BOD: 95 | [96] |
| Domestic | Alpinia purpurata, Arundina bambusifolia, Canna spp., Heliconia psittacorum L.F. | COD: 48–90, PO4-P: 20, TKN: 31 and TSS: 34. | [97] | |
| Swine | Hedychium coronarium, Heliconia rostrata | COD: 59, TP: 44, TKN: 34 and NHx: 35 COD: 57, TP: 38, TKN: 34 and NHx: 37 |
[98] | |
| Hemerocallis flava | COD: 72, BOD: 90, TN: 52, TP: 41 and SST: 72. | [99] | ||
| Heliconia psittacorum L.F | [100] | |||
| China | Municipal | Canna indica | COD: 77, BOD: 86, TP: > 82, TN: > 45 | [101] |
| Aquaculture ponds | Canna indica mixed with other species | BOD: 71, TSS: 82, chlorophyll-a: 91.9, NH4-N: 62, NO3-N: 68 and TP: 20. | [102] | |
| Domestic | Canna indica Linn | COD: 82.31, BOD: 88.6, TP: > 80, TN: > 85 | [103] | |
| Municipal | Canna indica | NH4-N: 99, PO4-P: 87 | [104] | |
| Drain of some factories | R. carnea, I. pseudacorus, L. salicaria | COD: 58-92, BOD: 60–90 TN: 60–92, TP: 50–97, | [105] | |
| River | Canna sp. | COD: 95, N-NH4: 100, N-NO3: 76, TN: 72 | [106] | |
| Domestic | Canna indica | TP: 60, NH4-N: 30–70, TN:~25 | [34] | |
| Aquaculture ponds | Canna indica mixed with other natural wetland plants | BOD: 56, COD: 26, TSS: 58, TP: 17, TN: 48 and NH4-N: 34. | [53] | |
| Wastewater from a student dormitory (University) | Canna indica mixed with other natural wetland plants | COD: 50–70, BOD: 60–80, N-NO3: 65–75, TP: 50–80 | [107] | |
| Country | Type of Wastewater | Vegetation | Removal Efficiency of Pollutants (%) | Reference |
| China | Domestic | Canna indica and Hedychium coronarium | TP: 40–70 | [108] |
| Polluted river | Iris pseudacorus mixed with other natural wetland plants | TN: 68, NH4-N: 93, TP: 67 | [109] | |
| Sewage | Iris pseudacorus, mixed with other plants of natural wetlands | TN: 20 and TP: 44 | [110] | |
| Municipal | Canna indica | COD: 60, NO3-N: 80, TN: 15, TP: 52 | [111] | |
| Simulated polluted river water | Iris sibirica | COD: 22, TN: 46, NH4-N: 62, TP: 58 | [112] | |
| Synthetic | Canna sp. | Fluoride: 51, Arsenic: 95 | [26] | |
| Simulated polluted river water | Iris sibirica | Cd: 92 | [113] | |
| Synthetic | Canna indica L. | N: 56–60 | [114] | |
| Synthetic (hydrophonic sol.) | Canna indica L. | TN: 40–60, N-NO3: 20–95, NH4-N: 20–55 | [115] | |
| Chile | Sewage | Zantedeschia aethiopica, Canna spp. and Iris spp. | BOD: 82, TN: 53, TP: 60. | [116] |
| Sewage | Tulbaghia violácea, and Iris pseudacorus. | BOD: 57–88, COD: 45–72, TSS: 70–93, PO4 -P: 6–20. | [117] | |
| Ww rural community | Zantedeschia aethiopica | Organic matter: 60%, TSS: 90% | [118] | |
| Colombia | Domestic | Heliconia psíttacorum | NH3: 57 COD: 70 | [119] |
| Synthetic landfill leachate | Heliconia psittacorum | COD, TKN and NH4 (all: 65–75) | [120] | |
| Cattle bath | Alpinia purpurata | SST: 58, TP: 85, COD: 63 | [121] | |
| Municipal | Heliconia psitacorum | Bisphenol A: 73, Nonylphenols: 63 | [122] | |
| Costa Rica | Dairy raw manure | Ludwigia inucta, Zantedechia aetiopica, Hedychium coronarium and Canna generalis | BOD: 62, NO3 -N: 93, PO4-P: 91, TSS: 84 | [123] |
| Egypt | Municipal | Canna sp. | TSS: 92, COD: 88, BOD: 90 |
[124] |
| Municipal | Canna sp. | TSS: 92, COD: 92, BOD: 92 | [125] |
|
| Country | Type of Wastewater | Vegetation | Removal Efficiency of Pollutants (%) | Reference |
| India | Paper mill effluent | Canna indica | 9,10,12,13-tetrachlor-ostearic acid: 92 and 9,10-dichlorostearic acid: 96 | [126] |
| Synthetic | Canna indica | Dye: 70–90 COD: 75 | [127] | |
| Synthetic greywater | Heliconia angusta | COD:40, BOD: 70, TSS: 62, TDS: 19 | [128] | |
| Domestic | Canna generalis | TN: 52, T-PO3: 9 | [129] | |
| Collection pond | Canna Lily | BOD: 70–96, COD: 64–99 | [130] | |
| Hostel greywater | Canna indica | COD, TKN and Pathogen all up 70 | [131] | |
| Domestic | Polianthus tuberosa L. | Heavy metals (Pb and Fe: 73–87), (Cu and Zn: 31–34) and Ni and Al: 20–26 | [132] | |
| Ireland | Domestic | Iris pseudacorus | TN: 30, TP:28 | [133] |
| Italy | Synthetic | Zantedeschia aethiopica, Canna indica | N: 65–67, P: 63–74, Zn and Cu: 98–99, Carbamazepine: 25–51, LAS: 60–72 | [134] |
| Kenya | Flower farm | Canna spp. | BOD: 87, COD: 67, TSS: 90, TN: 61 | [135] |
| Mexico | Municipal | Zantedeschia aethiopoca | COD: 35, TN: 45.6 | [136] |
| Domestic | Zantedeschia Aethiopica and Canna flaccid | SST: 85.9, COD: 85.8, NO3 -N: 81.7, NH4-N: 65.5, NT: 72.6 | [137] | |
| Coffee processing | Heliconia psittacorum | COD: 91, Coliformes: 93 | [138] | |
| Domestic | Strelitzia reginae, Zantedeschia esthiopica, Canna hybrids, Anthurium andreanum, Hemerocallis Dumortieri | COD: > 75, P: > 66, Coliforms: 99 | [139] | |
| Domestic | Zantedeschia aethiopica | BOD: 79, TN: 55, PT: 50 | [140] | |
| Wastewater form canals | Zantedeschia aethiopica | COD: 92, N-NH4: 85, P-PO4: 80 | [141] | |
| Municipal | Strelitzia reginae, Anthurium, andreanum. | TSS: 62, COD: 80, BOD: 82, TP: > 50, TN: > 49 | [142] | |
| Groundwater | Zantedeschia aethiopica and Anemopsis californica | As: 75–78 | [142] | |
| Domestic | Gladiolus spp. | BOD: 33, TN: 53, TP: 75 | [143] | |
| Country | Type of Wastewater | Vegetation | Removal Efficiency of Pollutants (%) | Reference |
| Mexico | Mixture of greywater (from a cafeteria and research laboratories) | Zantedeschia aethiopica and Canna indica | COD: 65, NT: 22.4, PT: 5. | [144] |
| Domestic | Zantedeschia aethiopica | BOD: 70 | [145] | |
| Domestic | Heliconia stricta, Heliconia psittacorum and Alpinia purpurata | BOD: 48, COD: 64, TP: 39, TN: 39 | [146] | |
| Municipal | Canna hybrids and Strelitzia reginae | DQO: 86, NT: 30-33, PT: 24–44 | [147] | |
| Municipal | Zantedeschia aethiopica and Strelitzia reginae | COD: 75, TN: 18, TP: 2, TSS: 88. | [148] | |
| Domiciliar | Spathiphyllum wallisii, Zantedechia aethiopica, Iris japonica, Hedychium coronarium, Alocasia sp., Heliconia sp. and Strelitzia reginae | N-NH4: 64–93 BOD: 22–96 COD: 25–64 | [149] | |
| Community | Zantedeschia aethiopica, Lilium sp., Anturium spp. and Hedychium coronarium | NT: 47, PT: 33, COD: 67 | [150] | |
| Stillage Treatment | Canna indica | BOD: 87, COD: 70 | [151] | |
| Artificial | Iris sibirica and Zantedeschia aethiopica | Carbamazepine: 50–65 | [152] | |
| Community | Alpinia purpurata and Zantedeschia aethiopica | --- | [153] | |
| Polluted river | Zantedeschia aethiopica | NO3-N: 45, NH4-N: 70, PO4-P: 30 | [154] | |
| Municipal | Spathiphyllum wallisii, and Zantedeschia aethiopica | --- | [155] | |
| University | Strelitzia reginae | --- | [156] | |
| Nepal | Municipal | Canna latifolia | TSS: 97, COD: 97, BOD: 89, TP: > 30 | [157] |
| Portugal | Tannery | Canna indica mixed with other plants | COD: 41–73, BOD: 41–58 | [158] |
| Community | Canna flaccida, Zantedeschia aethiopica, Canna indica, Agapanthus africanus and Watsonia borbonica | BOD, COD, P-PO4, NH4 and total coliform bacteria (all up to 84) | [159] | |
| Country | Type of Wastewater | Vegetation | Removal Efficiency of Pollutants (%) | Reference |
| Spain | Domestic | Iris spp. | Bacteria: 37 | [160] |
| Municipal | Iris pseudacorus | Bacteria: 43 | [161] | |
| Sri Lanka | Municipal | Canna iridiflora | BOD: 66, TP: 89, NH4-N: 82, N-NO3: 50 | [162] |
| Taiwan | Domestic | Canna indica | N-NH4: 73, BOD: 11 | [163] |
| Canna indica | N-NH4: 57, N-NO3: 57 | [164] | ||
| Thailand | Domestic | Canna spp. | COD: 92, BOD: 93, TSS: 84, NH4-N: 88, TP: 90 | [165] |
| Seafood | Canna siamensis, Heliconia spp. and Hymenocallis littoralis | BOD: 91–99, SS: 52–90, TN: 72–92 and TP: 72–77 | [166] | |
| Domestic | Heliconia psittacorum L.f. and Canna generalis L. Bailey | TSS: Both > 88, COD: 42–83 | [167] | |
| Fermented fish production | Canna hybrid | BOD, COD, TKN: ~ 97 | [168] | |
| Collection system for business and hotel | Cannae lilies, Heliconia | BOD: 92, TSS: 90, NO3-N: 50, TP: 46 | [169] | |
| Domestic | Crinum asiaticum, Spathiphyllum clevelandii Schott | PO4-P: ~20 | [170] | |
| Turkey | Municipal | Iris australis | NH4-N: 91, NO3-N: 89, TN: 91 | [171] |
| USA | Domestic | Canna flaccida, Gladiolus sp., Iris sp. | Baceria: ~50 | [172] |
| Nursery | Canna· generalis, Eleocharis dulcis, Iris Peltandravirginica. | N: ~50, P: ~60 | [173] | |
| Domestic | Iris pseudacorus L., Canna x. generalis L.H. Bail., Hemerocallis fulva L. and Hibiscus moscheutos L | BOD > 75, TSS > 88, Fecal baceteria > 93 | [174] | |
| Tilapia production | Canna sp. | TSS: 90, NO2-N: 91, NO3-N: 76, COD: 12.5 and NH3-N: 7.5 | [175] | |
| Stormwater runoff | Canna x generalis Bailey, Iris pseudacorus L., Zantedeschia aethiopica (L.) | N and P Canna (>90), Iris (>30) Zantedeschia (>90) | [176] | |
| Country | Type of Wastewater | Vegetation | Removal Efficiency of Pollutants (%) | Reference |
| Residential | Aeonium purpureum and Crassula ovate, Equisetum hyemale, Nasturtium, Narcissus impatiens, and Anigozanthos | TSS: 95 BOD: 97 | [177] | |
| Vietnam | Fishpond | Canna generalis | BOD: 50, COD: 25–55 | [74] |
| United Kingdom | Herbicide polluted water | Iris pseudacorus | Atrazine: 90–100 | [178] |
TSS= Total Suspended Solids; COD= Chemical Oxygen Demand; BOD= Biological Oxygen Demand; PO4-P= Orthophosphate as Phosphorus; TKN= Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen; TP= Total Phosphorus; NHx= Na+/H+ Antiporters; TN= Total Nitrogen; SST= Sho-Saiko-to (SST) Oriental Medicine; NH4-N= Ammonium-Nitrogen; NO3-N= Nitrate-Nitrogen; N-NH4= Ammonium-Nitrogen; N-NO3= Nitrate-Nitrogen; T-PO3= Total Phosphite; DQO= Demanda Química de Oxígeno (Spanish: Chemical Oxygen Demand).