Table 5.
Substrates typically chosen for management of wastewater in CW.
| Kinds of Substrates | Source |
|---|---|
| Natural Material | |
| Sand | [202] |
| Gravel | [203] |
| Clay | [203] |
| Calcite | [204] |
| Marble | [38] |
| Vermiculite | [38] |
| Bentonite | [205] |
| Dolomite | [204] |
| Limestone | [206] |
| Shell | [207] |
| Shale | [208] |
| Peat | [208] |
| Wollastonite | [209] |
| Maerl | [208] |
| Zeolite | [210] |
| Industrial by-product | |
| Slag | [34] |
| Fly ash | [205] |
| Coal cinder | [211] |
| Alum sludge | [212] |
| Hollow brick crumbs | [211] |
| Moleanos limestone | [213] |
| Wollastonite tailings | [214] |
| Oil palm shell | [199] |
| Artificial products | |
| Activated carbon | [211] |
| Light weight aggregates | [208] |
| Compost | [208] |
| Calcium silicate hydrate | [201] |
| Ceramsite | [201] |
| Others | |
| Alum sludge | [215] |
| Apatite material | [216] |
| Biochar | [217] |
| Bauxite | [218] |
| Construction wastes | [219] |
| Tire chips | [220] |
| Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) |
[221] |
| Filtralite | [222] |
| Oyster shell | [223] |
| PHBV and PLA blend Wood mulch |
[224] [225] |
| Rice straw | [226] |