Table 1.
ROS-inducing agents used in CRC-derived cell lines.
| Compounds | Cell Lines | Major Outcomes | Mechanisms | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5-FU | HT-29 | ↑ Caspase-7, Src | ROS-dependent apoptosis |
[205] |
| 15dPGJ (2) | HCT116, SW480 |
↑ CHOP, GRP78, XBP1 | ROS/TRAIL-dependent apoptosis | [206] |
| Andrographolide | T84, COLO205 |
↑ Nrf2, GPx, PrX-6, LPO, TRX; ↓ ΔΨm |
ROS/ER/caspase dependent apoptosis | [207] |
| Avenanthramide A | HCT116, DLD-1 | ↑ Caspase-3, Cyto c | ROS-mediated apoptosis |
[208] |
| Bakuchiol | HCT116, HT-29 |
↑ Caspase-3, -8, -9, PARP; ↓ Bcl-2, survivin, cFLIP, XIAP |
ROS/DR-dependent apoptosis | [209] |
| Betulinic acid | RKO, SW480 |
↓ Sp, microRNA-27a, ZBTB10 gene | ROS-apoptosis | [210] |
| Benzimidazole acridine derivative |
HCT116, SW480 |
↑ Caspase-3, -7, -8, -9, Bid, PARP; ↓ Bcl-2 |
ROS/DR-dependent apoptosis | [211] |
| Bufalin | HT-29, Caco-2 |
↑ LC3-II, ATG5, Beclin-1 | ROS-autophagy | [212] |
| Capsazepine | HCT116, HT-29 |
↑ Caspase-8, -9, Bax; ↓ cFLIP, survivin |
ROS/DR-dependent apoptosis | [213] |
| Cardamonin | HCT116 | ↑ Cleaved PARP, caspase-8, -9, -3, Bax; ↓ cIAP-1, cFLIP, XIAP, Bcl-2 |
ROS /DR/TRAIL-dependent apoptosis | [214] |
| Casticin | HCT116, SW480, HT-29, COLO205 |
↓ Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, cFLIP, XIAP; ↑ CDKN1B gene, TRAP1 gene, G2/M phase arrest; ↓ ΔΨm, [Ca2+]i, MMP-2, RKAR2B gene, CaMK4 gene |
ROS/DR-dependent apoptosis ROS/caspase-dependent apoptosis |
[215] [216] |
| CHNQ | HCT116, HT-29 |
↑ LC3-II, puncta formation, acidic vesicle; ↓ AKT/PKB |
ROS-autophagy | [217] |
| Citral | HCT116, HT-29 |
↑ phospho-p53, Bax, Cleaved caspase-3; ↓ Bcl-2, Bcl-xL |
ROS-apoptosis | [218] |
| CJK-7 | HCT116 | ↑ p53, Puma, ATG5, Beclin-1, LC3-I/II; ↓ Bcl-2 |
ROS-apoptosis and autophagy |
[219] |
| CLA | SW480 | ↑ Phosphorylated eIF2α, Xbp1 mRNA, CHOP | ROS/ER/caspase dependent apoptosis | [220] |
| Compound K | HCT116 | ↑ Caspase-3, -9, LC3-II, flux ATG6, ATG7; ↓ Bcl-2 |
ROS-apoptosis and autophagy |
[221] |
| Curcumin | HT-29 | ↑ S & G2/M arrest, DNA fragmentation; ↓ ΔΨm |
ROS-apoptosis | [222] |
| DHTS | HCT116 | ↑ Bax, Bcl-xl, caspase-3, Cyto c, AIF, LC3-II | ROS/caspase-apoptosis and autophagy | [223] |
| DMF | HCT116, CT26, HT-29 |
↓ GSH | ROS-mediated necroptosis | [224] |
| Droxinostat | HT-29 | ↑ Acetylated H3, H4, caspase-3, Bax, Puma; ↓ HDAC3, 6, Bcl-2, Bcl-xl |
ROS-apoptosis | [225] |
| Flavokawain B | HCT116 | ↑ Cyto c, GADD153; ↓ Bcl-2 family members |
ROS-apoptosis | [226] |
| GT-094 | RKO, SW480 |
↓ VEGF, MMP, c-Met, EGFR, Sp microRNA-27a | ROS-apoptosis | [227] |
| Hispidin | HCT116, CMT-93 |
↑ p53, Bax, caspase-3, -8; ↓ Bcl-2 |
ROS/DR/caspase-dependent apoptosis | [228] |
| HMF | HCT116 | ↑ [Ca2+]i, Cyto c, BID, Bax; ↓ Bcl-2 |
ROS/ER/caspase-dependent apoptosis | [229] |
| Ilimaquinone | HCT116 | ↑ Caspase-8, -3; ↓ Bcl-2, Bcl-xL |
ROS/DR-dependent apoptosis | [230] |
| Levistolide A | HCT116 | ↑ Caspase-3, cleaved-PARP |
ROS-apoptosis | [231] |
| MAM | HCT116, HT-29 |
↑ [Ca2+]i, RIP1/RIP3 | ROS-dependent necroptosis |
[232] |
| Milk δ-Valerobetaine (δVB) | LoVo | ↑ Caspase-9, -3, Bax, Sirtuin6 | ROS-mediated apoptosis |
[233] |
| PEOL | HCT116, HCT-8 |
↑ [Ca2+]i, Cyto c; ↓ ΔΨm |
ROS/ER/caspase-dependent apoptosis | [234] |
| Physalin B | HCT116 | ↑ Cleaved-PARP, p62; ↓ Caspase-3, LC3-II |
ROS-autophagy | [235] |
| Piperlongumine | HT-29, SW620 | ↑ Cleaved caspase-3, PARP, Bax | ROS-apoptosis | [236] |
| Resveratrol | HT-29, COLO201 |
↑ Caspase-8, -3, LC3-II | ROS-apoptosis and autophagy |
[237] |
| Sanguinarine | HCT116 | ↑ Caspase-3, -9; ↓ Bcl-2, XIAP, cIAP-1 |
ROS-apoptosis | [238] |
| TEOA | SW620 | ↑ p62, Cleaved-PARP, LC3-II | ROS/ER/caspase-dependent apoptosis | [239] |
| Vitamin C | RKO, SW480 |
↓ EGFR, VEGF, c-Met, VEGFR1, Sp | ROS-dependent apoptosis and necrosis | [240] |
| WZ35 | CT26 | ↑ Cleaved-PARP; ↓ CyclinB1, Cdc2, MDM-2 |
ROS/ER/caspase 3-mediated apoptosis | [241] |
| Ziyuglycoside II | HCT116 | ↑ p53, cleaved-PARP, caspase-3, -7, -8, -caspase-9; ↓ Bcl-2 |
ROS-apoptosis | [242] |