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The dual function of p21Cip1/Waf1 depends on the subcellular distribution. Functions of p21Cip1/Waf1 are different in the nucleus and cytosol localization. The nucleus p21Cip1/Waf1 maintains genome stability, regulates apoptosis, involves stem cell renewal, and acts as a transcriptional co-factor, while the cytosol p21Cip1/Waf1 binds to caspase to inhibit apoptosis and regulate autophagy.
