Table 2.

Summary of clinical work-up results in different paraneoplastic retinopathies based on the included articles.

Clinical Work-Up	CAR	CACD	PVM	MAR	BDUMP
BCVA	Severely decreased	Mildly to moderately decreased	Blurred vision, mildly decreased	Mildly to severely decreased	Moderately to severely decreased
Visual field	Central or ring scotoma, peripheral scotomas	Central scotoma	Central/paracentral scotoma	Central/paracentral scotoma	Nonspecific
OCT signs	Loss of outer retinal structures, including ellipsoid and interdigitation zone (central and peripheral)	Central loss of outer retinal structures, including ellipsoid and interdigitation zone with normal periphery	Vitelliform submacular deposits on the pigment epithelium that elevate the neurosensory retina	Macular atrophy with thinning of the inner retina	Diffuse thickening of the uveal tract with multiple elevated pigment and nonpigment uveal melanocytic tumors, possible atrophy of choroidal vasculature in Enhanced Depth Imaging (EDI) scans was observed
FAF	Ring macular hyperautofluorescence with surrounding hypoautofluorescence	Nonspecific	Nonspecific	Nonspecific	Hypo-/hyperautofluorescence characteristic “giraffe-like” pattern lesions
FFA	Normal/periphlebitis	Nonspecific	Blocking effect on the choroid with late-phase contrast uptake	Normal/vasculitis with vascular diffusion	Peripheral arterial nonperfusion area, nummular or dermal loss of retinal pigment epithelium, exudative retinal detachment in the late phases
ICGA	Normal	Normal	Normal	Normal	Normal/atrophy of choroidal vasculature
Full-field ERG	Rods and cones equally affected, firstly affecting the a-wave, progression to the “flat ERG”	Affected only cone response	Nonspecific, variable results	Scotopic—disappearance or microvoltage of b-wave, normal a-wave. Dysfunction of bipolar cells	Reduction of scotopic and photopic a- and b-wave amplitude
mfERG	Severely abnormal	Partially abnormal	Nonspecific	Mildly abnormal	Mildly abnormal
EOG	Normal Arden ratio	Normal Arden ratio	Variable Arden ratio	Reduced Arden ratio	Normal Arden ratio

CAR—cancer-associated retinopathy; CACD—cancer-associated cone dysfunction; PVM—paraneoplastic vitelliform maculopathy; MAR—melanoma-associated retinopathy; BDUMP—bilateral diffuse uveal melanocytic proliferation; BCVA—best corrected visual acuity; OCT—optical coherence tomography; FAF—fundus autofluorescence; FFA—fundus fluorescein angiography; ICGA—indocyjanin green angiography; ERG—electoretinography; ffERG—full field electroretinography; mfERG—multifocal electroretinography; EOG—electrooculography.