. 2020 Nov 13;12(11):3492. doi: 10.3390/nu12113492

Table 3.

Dietary behavior according to grouping of recommended fruits and vegetables intake.

	<400 g (n = 5364)		≥400 g (n = 2972)		p-Value ⁽¹⁾	Intake		p-Value ⁽²⁾
	n	% ⁽³⁾	n	%	p-Value ⁽¹⁾	Mean	SE	p-Value ⁽²⁾
Breakfast frequency (per week)					0.0234			<0.0001
5–7 times a week	4970	92.43	2824	94.54		375.70 ^a	5.23
3–4 times a week	158	2.85	59	2.22		331.24 ^a	26.24
1–2 times a week	70	1.28	28	1.05		364.85 ^a	49.41
<1/week	157	3.44	56	2.20		285.27 ^b	22.32
Meal pattern (per day) ⁽⁴⁾					<0.0001			<0.0001
B + L	490	8.86	220	7.79		347.64 ^b	14.23
B + D	750	13.86	287	9.70		312.48 ^b	11.37
L + D	473	9.42	184	6.68		307.07 ^b	12.79
B + L + D	3148	58.11	2188	72.73		414.04 ^a	6.37
Others	503	9.76	93	3.10		214.84 ^a	12.36
Snack (per day)					<0.0001			<0.0001
No	2954	54.48	503	16.79		216.09	4.95
Yes	2410	45.52	2469	83.21		480.96	6.38
Pattern of cooking place (per day) ⁽⁵⁾					<0.0001			<0.0001
Only home	2004	36.88	279	9.33		191.36 ^e	5.80
Only commercial location ⁽⁶⁾	219	4.39	109	3.85		344.18 ^c	21.23
H + C	2782	52.04	2376	79.32		452.25 ^b	6.22
Only institution ⁽⁷⁾	40	0.70	1	0.01		119.24 ^e	15.02
H + I	150	2.87	23	0.83		237.31 ^d	21.36
C + I	38	0.65	23	0.88		369.85 ^c	33.32
H + C + I	131	2.48	161	5.78		501.84 ^a	24.94
Food insecurity					<0.0001			<0.0001
Enough food secure	2313	43.87	1605	54.34		410.73 ^a	7.61
Mildly food insecure	2611	48.69	1247	42.43		348.45 ^b	6.56
Moderately/severely food insecure	404	7.44	107	3.22		245.94 ^c	12.25
Eating-out frequency					<0.0001			<0.0001
≥1/day	237	4.61	170	5.93		429.59 ^a	19.72
5–6/week	300	5.81	189	6.57		396.95 ^a	15.91
3–4/week	333	5.99	277	9.29		463.45 ^a	16.60
1–2/week	1221	22.21	869	29.66		425.17 ^a	9.95
<1/week	3264	61.37	1462	48.55		360.57 ^b	7.84

⁽¹⁾p-value calculated using the chi-square test; ⁽²⁾p-value calculated using the t-test or one-way ANOVA; ⁽³⁾ weighted %; ⁽⁴⁾ B: breakfast, L: lunch, D: dinner; ⁽⁵⁾ H: home, C: commercial location, I: institution; ⁽⁶⁾ commercial location meal included Korean, Japanese, Chinese, Western, fast food, instant noodle, instant food, packed meal, convenience food, and bread/cookie; ⁽⁷⁾ institution meal included industry, school, religious, elderly, and free; ^a–e different superscript letters mean significantly different among groups at the α = 0.05 level by Tukey’s multiple range comparison.