Table 1.
Cytokine profile in the saliva of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
| IBD Severity | Control | Saliva | Salivary Biomarkers | Results | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CD (n = 48) |
Healthy (n = 48) |
UNST | IL-6 | ↑ | [36] |
| TNF-α | ↓ | ||||
| pH | ↔ | ||||
| salivary flow rate | ↓ | ||||
| CD (n = 52) CDAI 256.5 ± 36.9 |
Healthy (n = 43) |
UNST | IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α | ↑ | [21] |
| Oral lesion | Correlated to cytokines increase | ||||
| CD (n = 43) CDAI 107.5 ± 30.2 |
Healthy (n = 43) |
UNST | IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α | ↔ | [21] |
| CD (n = 15) |
Healthy (n = 19) |
UNST | IL-6 | ↑ (CD>UC) | [37] |
| UC (n = 7) |
Healthy (n = 19) |
UNST | IL-6 | ↑ | [37] |
| UC (n = 16) newly diagnosed |
Healthy (n = 16) |
UNST | IL-6, CRP and albumin | ↑ | [38] |
| UC (n = 16) in medication |
Healthy (n = 16) |
UNST | IL-6 | ↔ | [38] |
| CRP and albumin | ↑ | ||||
| UC (n = 37) |
Healthy (n = 15) |
UNST | TGF-β1 and NO | ↑ | [41] |
| CD (n = 28) CDAI 102.1 ± 84.9 |
Healthy (n = 20) |
UNST | TGF-β1 and NO | ↑ | [42] |
| CD + UC (n = 12 + 9) |
Healthy (n = 22) |
UNST STIM |
IL-6 and MMP-10 | ↑ (in STIM saliva) | [44] |
| CD (n = 14) |
Healthy (n = 15) |
UNST | Secretory IgA | ↑ (UC>CD) | [47] |
| Lisozima | ↓ | ||||
| LL37, IL-1β and TNF-α | ↑ | ||||
| UC (n = 10) |
Healthy (n = 15) |
UNST | Secretory IgA | ↑ (UC>CD) | [47] |
| Lisozima | ↓ | ||||
| LL37, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 | ↑ | ||||
| MCP-1 | ↑ |
CD: Crohn’s disease, CDAI: Crohn’s disease activity index, UC: ulcerative colitis, UNST: unstimulated (collection), STIM: stimulated (collection), IL-: interleukin, TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-α, MCP-1: monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, CRP: C-reactive protein, TGF-β1: transforming growth factor-β, NO: nitric oxide, and LL37: antimicrobial peptide. ↑: increased; ↓: decreased; ↔: unchanged; >: increased compared with.