Table 2.
Comparison of dietary intake and Ultra-Processed Food (UPF) intake between cases and controls.
| Controls (n = 358) |
Cases with Adenoma (n = 294) |
p | Cases with Non-Advanced Adenoma (n = 147) |
p | Cases with Advanced Adenoma (n = 147) |
p | Cases with Proximal Adenoma (n = 143) |
p | Cases with Distal Adenoma (n = 151) |
p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dietary intake | |||||||||||
| Caloric intake (Kcal/day) | 2031 ± 687 | 2027 ± 705 | 0.944 | 2058 ± 683 | 0.687 | 1994 ± 723 | 0.596 | 2020 ± 651 | 0.874 | 2036 ± 753 | 0.932 |
| Protein (% of total kcal) | 18.2 ± 4.4 | 18.3 ± 4.6 | 0.753 | 18.5 ± 4.5 | 0.527 | 18.1 ± 4.8 | 0.838 | 17.3 ± 4.2 | 0.023 | 19.4 ± 4.8 | 0.012 |
| Fat (% of total kcal) | 36.4 ± 6.6 | 35.8 ± 6.4 | 0.215 | 35.8 ± 6.6 | 0.399 | 36.0 ± 6.3 | 0.498 | 36.0 ± 6.2 | 0.563 | 35.7 ± 6.7 | 0.274 |
| SFA (% of total kcal) | 12.3 ± 3.7 | 12.2 ± 3.7 | 0.795 | 12.0 ± 3.4 | 0.381 | 12.5 ± 4.1 | 0.473 | 12.2 ± 3.4 | 0.754 | 12.3 ± 4.0 | 0.868 |
| MUFA/SFA ratio | 1.06 ± 0.45 | 1.00 ± 0.33 | 0.041 | 1.03 ± 0.36 | 0.322 | 0.99 ± 0.32 | 0.037 | 1.02 ± 0.34 | 0.233 | 0.99 ± 0.33 | 0.041 |
| Carbohydrates (% of total kcal) | 41.6 ± 8.7 | 42.2 ± 8.6 | 0.354 | 42.0 ± 8.1 | 0.702 | 42.3 ± 9.0 | 0.432 | 43.4 ± 8.2 | 0.046 | 41.1 ± 8.9 | 0.536 |
| Fiber (gr/day) | 23.6 ± 11.5 | 27.4 ± 12.8 | 0.547 | 24.5 ± 10.7 | 0.417 | 21.5 ± 12.8 | 0.076 | 23.1 ± 12.0 | 0.672 | 23.0 ± 12.0 | 0.611 |
| Sodium (mg/day) | 2774 ± 1048 | 2773 ± 1037 | 0.975 | 2876 ± 1056 | 0.321 | 2669 ± 1011 | 0.299 | 2665 ± 1014 | 0.284 | 2876 ± 1048 | 0.313 |
| Total caloric intake from food groups | |||||||||||
| Bread, pastries and starch (kcal) | 403.1 ± 230.4 | 420.2 ± 239.6 | 0.360 | 450.8 ± 251.7 | 0.044 | 391.9 ± 223.9 | 0.621 | 414.7 ± 237.3 | 0.622 | 425.1 ± 251.74 | 0.340 |
| Snacks (kcal) | 208.5 ± 218.7 | 207.8 ± 202.3 | 0.966 | 182.4 ± 175.9 | 0.206 | 233.8 ± 224.4 | 0.249 | 233.1 ± 201.5 | 0.252 | 184.2 ± 200.3 | 0.246 |
| Beverages (kcal) | 150.2 ± 175.1 | 174.0 ± 206.8 | 0.118 | 161.3 ± 211.0 | 0.567 | 181.3 ± 195.8 | 0.089 | 180.3 ± 217.1 | 0.117 | 166.9 ± 196.9 | 0.363 |
| Oils and spreads (kcal) | 188.1 ± 143.9 | 184.5 ± 176.8 | 0.779 | 203.3 ± 192.5 | 0.329 | 167.9 ± 160.3 | 0.179 | 194.5 ± 205.2 | 0.686 | 175.7 ± 144.7 | 0.392 |
| Dairy (kcal) | 245.0 ± 200.4 | 242.0 ± 203.2 | 0.894 | 237.9 ± 177.5 | 0.760 | 250.8 ± 228.8 | 0.736 | 231.0 ± 184.0 | 0.514 | 256.6 ± 221.5 | 0.528 |
| Meat, poultry and fish (kcal) | 288.8 ± 191.9 | 304.0 ± 231.0 | 0.368 | 314.7 ± 257.3 | 0.224 | 292.1 ± 203.2 | 0.869 | 258.3 ± 169.3 | 0.102 | 346.8 ± 269.6 | 0.007 |
| The proportional caloric intake of UPFs by food group | |||||||||||
| Total UPF kcal/total kcal (%) | 36.9 ± 16.4 | 39.2 ± 16.4 | 0.043 | 38.2 ± 15.6 | 0.251 | 40.3 ± 16.9 | 0.019 | 40.4 ± 16.2 | 0.016 | 38.0 ± 16.4 | 0.422 |
| Bread, pastries and starch UPF kcal/group kcal (%) | 19.2 ± 24.3 | 17.4 ± 22.2 | 0.327 | 19.0 ± 22.8 | 0.936 | 15.7 ± 22.2 | 0.129 | 18.3 ± 22.0 | 0.686 | 16.4 ± 22.4 | 0.229 |
| Snacks UPF kcal/group kcal (%) | 71.1 ± 31.2 | 77.3 ± 27.5 | 0.010 | 76.2 ± 28.5 | 0.102 | 78.3 ± 26.4 | 0.020 | 76.5 ± 27.8 | 0.084 | 77.9 ± 7.4 | 0.030 |
| Beverages UPF kcal/group kcal (%) | 59.8 ± 37.9 | 66.8 ± 37.9 | 0.026 | 64.7 ± 39.0 | 0.210 | 69.1 ± 36.9 | 0.016 | 68.6 ± 36.2 | 0.022 | 64.9 ± 37.7 | 0.187 |
| Oils and spreads UPF kcal/group kcal (%) | 56.2 ± 33.3 | 66.1 ± 32.5 | <0.001 | 66.9 ± 33.4 | 0.001 | 64.9 ± 32.2 | 0.009 | 64.1 ± 32.9 | 0.018 | 67.8 ± 32.2 | <0.001 |
| Dairy UPF kcal/group kcal (%) | 35.5 ± 31.2 | 43.5 ± 32.6 | 0.002 | 42.5 ± 31.1 | 0.025 | 44.9 ± 34.1 | 0.005 | 43.5 ± 30.9 | 0.011 | 43.5 ± 34.1 | 0.021 |
| Meat, poultry and fish UPF kcal/group kcal (%) | 8.8 ± 14.2 | 8.8 ± 13.0 | 0.327 | 9.7 ± 12.9 | 0.283 | 7.7 ± 12.9 | 0.399 | 18.3 ± 22.0 | 0.883 | 9.5 ± 14.2 | 0.370 |
Abbreviations: Kcal–Kilocalorie, MUFA-Mono-Unsaturated Fatty Acid, SFA-Saturated Fatty Acids, UPFs-Ultra-Processed Foods.