Table 3.
The adjusted association between high Ultra-Processed Foods (UPFs)intake, and colorectal adenomas as compared to controls, stratified by smoking status.
| Cases with Adenoma OR (95%CI) p |
Cases with Non-Advanced Adenoma OR (95%CI) p |
Cases with Advanced Adenoma OR (95%CI) p |
Cases with Proximal Adenoma OR (95%CI) p |
Cases with Distal Adenoma OR (95%CI) p |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total study population (n = 652) Cases/controls 294/358 |
1st tertile of UPF intake | |||||
| Cases/controls | 83/131 | 44/131 | 39/131 | 36/131 | 47/131 | |
| Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| 2nd tertile of UPF intake b | ||||||
| Cases/controls | 103/122 | 58/122 | 45/122 | 52/122 | 51/122 | |
| 1.58 (1.04–2.40) 0.030 |
1.67 (1.00–2.78) 0.048 |
1.39 (0.81–2.38) 0.219 |
1.99 (1.15–3.44) 0.013 |
1.32 (0.79–2.19) 0.278 |
||
| 3rd tertile of UPF intake b | ||||||
| Cases/controls | 108/105 | 45/105 | 63/105 | 55/105 | 53/105 | |
| 1.75 (1.14–2.68) 0.009 |
1.31 (0.76–2.25) 0.325 |
2.17 (1.29–3.65) 0.003 |
2.38 (1.37–4.11) 0.002 |
1.39 (0.82–2.34) 0.212 |
||
| Never smokers (n = 315) Cases/controls 121/194 |
1st tertile of UPF intake | |||||
| Cases/controls | 45/67 | 22/67 | 23/67 | 22/67 | 23/67 | |
| Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| 2nd tertile of UPF intake b | ||||||
| Cases/controls | 43/67 | 28/67 | 15/67 | 25/67 | 18/67 | |
| 1.10 (0.62–1.97) 0.730 |
1.44 (0.71–2.95) 0.309 |
0.67 (0.31–1.47) 0.326 |
1.32 (0.63–2.74) 0.453 |
0.88 (0.41–1.87) 0.748 |
||
| 3rd tertile of UPF intake b | ||||||
| Cases/controls | 33/60 | 13/60 | 20/60 | 17/60 | 16/60 | |
| 0.84 (0.45–1.55) 0.589 |
0.56 (0.24–1.29) 0.176 |
1.02 (0.48–2.15) 0.947 |
0.90 (0.41–1.98) 0.808 |
0.72 (0.33–1.60) 0.432 |
||
| Smokers a (n = 337) Cases/controls 173/164 |
1st tertile of UPF intake | |||||
| Cases/controls | 38/64 | 22/64 | 16/64 | 14/64 | 24/64 | |
| Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| 2nd tertile of UPF intake b | ||||||
| Cases/controls | 60/55 | 30/55 | 30/55 | 27/55 | 33/55 | |
| 2.43 (1.31–4.52) 0.005 |
2.06 (0.96–4.39) 0.060 |
2.86 (1.30–6.26) 0.009 |
3.40 (1.43–8.05) 0.005 |
1.97 (0.96–4.02) 0.061 |
||
| 3rd tertile of UPF intake b | ||||||
| Cases/controls | 75/45 | 32/45 | 43/45 | 38/45 | 37/45 | |
| 3.54 (1.90–6.61) < 0.001 |
2.60 (1.20–5.63) 0.015 |
4.76 (2.20–10.30) < 0.001 |
6.23 (2.67–14.52) < 0.001 |
2.49 (1.21–5.13) 0.013 |
||
| P for interactionbetween UPF intake and smoking status c | 2nd tertile of UPF intake | 0.100 | 0.533 | 0.017 | 0.137 | 0.159 |
| 3rd tertile of UPF intake | 0.004 | 0.019 | 0.007 | 0.026 | 0.004 | |
ORs are adjusted for age, gender, BMI, total kcal, aspirin use and indication for colonoscopy. a Smoking is defined as ever (past/present) smoking. b Ultra-Processed Foods (UPFs) intake was defined as the proportional caloric intake of UPFs from total caloric intake. The 2nd tertile of UPF (30.4–44.7% of total kcal) and the 3rd tertile (≥44.8% of total kcal) were compared to the 1st tertile (≤30.4% of total kcal). c The interaction between UPF intake and smoking status, adjusted for all parameters of the model, smoking and high UPF intake. Abbreviations: OR- Odds ratio, CI- Confidence interval, UPF- Ultra-Processed Food