Table 1.
First Author and Year of Publication | Country | Study Design | Study Population | Age (years) | Dietary Intervention | DNA Methylation Marker | Method | Samples |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lee 2013 [37] | Mexico | RCT | Pregnant women at 18–22 weeks of gestation | 18–35 | Daily supplementation of 400 mg DHA or a placebo | LINE-1, IFNγ-1, IFNγ-2, TNF-alpha, GATA3, IL10, IL13, STAT3, FOXP3 | Pyrosequencing | Cord blood |
Geraghty 2018 [38] | Ireland | RCT | The discovery cohort included 60 sex-matched mother-child pairs (30 participants in the intervention arm and 30 participants in the control arm). The replication cohort consisted of different 60 sex-matched mother-child pairs | Mean = 32.8 (SD = 4.5) in the intervention group; 33.9 (SD = 4.2) in the control group | Eucaloric diet but replacing high glycemic index foods with low glycemic index alternatives | Genome-wide methylation profile | Illumina Infinium MethylationEPIC BeadChip Array and Sequenom MassARRAY | Cord blood |
Brøns 2010 [39] | Denmark | Randomized crossover study | 20 low birthweight men and 26 normal birthweight controls | Mean = 24.6 (SD = 1) and 24.2 (SD = 0.5) in normal birthweight and low birthweight, respectively | Five-day high-fat overfeeding diet and a control diet in a randomized order separated by six to eight weeks | PPARGC1A | Bisulfite sequencing | Skeletal muscle biopsy |
Gillberg 2014 [40] | Denmark | Randomized crossover study | 19 low birthweight men and 26 normal birthweight controls | 23–27 | Five-day high-fat overfeeding diet and a control diet in a randomized order separated by six to eight weeks | PPARGC1A | Bisulfite sequencing | Subcutaneous adipose tissue |
Jacobsen 2012 [41] | Denmark | Randomized crossover study | 25 young men with normal birthweight | Mean = 24.6 (SD = 1.1) | Three-day weight-maintaining diet followed by five-day high-fat overfeeding diet | Genomewide methylation profile | Infinium HumanMethylation27K bead chip, Sequenom’s MassARRAY EpiTYPER and pyrosequencing | Skeletal muscle biopsy |
Jacobsen 2014 [42] | Denmark | Randomized crossover study | 17 low birthweight men and 23 normal birthweight controls | Mean = 24.6 (SD = 1) and 24.2 (SD = 0.5) in normal birthweight and low birthweight, respectively | Five-day high-fat overfeeding diet and a control diet in a randomized order separated by six to eight weeks | Genomewide methylation profile | Infinium HumanMethylation27K bead chip | Skeletal muscle biopsy |
Gillberg 2016 [43] | Denmark | Randomized crossover study | The discovery cohort included 16 normal birthweight men and 24 age- and BMI-matched control men with normal birthweight. Two replication cohorts consisted of 142 elderly monozygotic and dizygotic twins and 17 healthy young individuals, respectively | NA | Three-day weight-maintaining diet followed by 5-day high-fat overfeeding diet | Genomewide methylation profile | Infinium HumanMethylation450K bead chip | Subcutaneous adipose tissue |
Hjort 2017 [44] | Denmark | Non-RCT | 21 low birthweight men and 18 normal birthweight controls | Mean = 24.6 (SD = 1.2) and 24.8 (SD = 1.4) in normal birthweight and low birthweight, respectively | 72 h control diet of precooked meals followed by 36 h of fasting with ad libitum water | LEP and ADIPOQ | Sequenom MassARRAY | Subcutaneous adipose tissue |
Milagro 2011 [22] | Spain | Non-RCT | 25 overweight or obese men | NA | Eight-week energy-restricted diet with 53% of energy from carbohydrates, 17% from proteins and 30% from fats | Genomewide methylation profile | Infinium HumanMethylation27K bead chip and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry | Blood |
Samblas 2018 [45] | Spain | RCT | 47 adults with metabolic syndrome randomized to an energy-restricted dietary intervention | NA | Seven meals per day with a macronutrient distribution of 40% total caloric value from carbohydrates, 30% from proteins and 30% from lipids | Genomewide methylation profile | Infinium HumanMethylation27K bead chip and Sequenom’s MassARRAY EpiTYPER | Blood |
Cordero 2011 [46] | Spain | Non-RCT | 27 obese women | 32–50 | Eight-week energy-restricted diet with 55% of energy from carbohydrates, 15% from proteins and 30% from fats | Leptin and TNF-alpha | Methylation-specific PCR | Adipose tissue |
Campion 2009 [47] | Spain | Non-RCT | 24 obese individuals | Mean = 34 (SD = 4) | Eight-week energy-restricted diet | TNF-alpha | Bisulfite sequencing | Blood |
Nicoletti 2015 [48] | Brazil and Spain | Non-RCT | 45 women randomized to three different intervention groups | Mean = 31.7 (SD = 8.6) in the control group; 52.6 (SD = 9.9) in the energy restriction group; 35.5 (SD = 10.1) in the bariatric surgery group |
Six-month energy restriction program; hypocaloric dietary treatment followed by bariatric surgery; control group | LINE-1, IL-6, and SERPINE-1 | Methylation-sensitive high-resolution melting analysis | Blood |
Delgado-Cruzata 2015 [49] | USA | Non-RCT | 24 overweight and sedentary female breast cancer survivors | Mean = 52.2 (SD = 8.7) | Six-month weight loss program aimed to increase physical activity to 90 minutes per week, to reduce caloric intake, and to distribute caloric intake as 45% from protein, 30% from carbohydrates, and 25% from fats | Global DNA methylation and LINE-1 | LUMA, pyrosequencing and MethyLight assay | Blood |
Garcia-Lacarte 2016 [50] | Spain | RCT | 96 adults with metabolic syndrome randomized to two energy-restricted dietary interventions | NA | Seven meals per day with a macronutrient distribution of 40% total caloric value from carbohydrates, 30% from proteins and 30% from lipids; the control group followed the American Heart Association guidelines | LINE-1 | Methylation-sensitive high-resolution melting analysis | Blood |
Martin-Nunez 2014 [51] | Spain | Non-RCT | 310 obese participants | Mean = 53.6 and 54.6 in the control and intervention group, respectively | 12-month intervention program based on the promotion of Mediterranean diet and exercise | LINE-1 and SCD1 | Pyrosequencing | Blood |
Duggan 2014 [52] | USA | RCT | 298 overweight women randomized to four groups | Mean = 57.9 (SD = 4.9) | A control group and 12-month interventions aimed to reduce energy intake, to increase physical activity, or both | LINE-1 | Pyrosequencing | Blood |
Samblas 2016 [53] | Spain | Non-RCT | 61 overweight or obese women | Mean = 42.2 (SD = 11.4) | Nine-month program to promote Mediterranean diet, physical activity, nutritional and behavioral education | BMAL1, NR1D1, and CLOCK | Sequenom’s MassARRAY EpiTyper | Blood |
Sun 2018 [54] | USA | RCT | 692 individuals randomized to four energy-reduced diets varying in macronutrients | Mean = 51.4 | Two-year interventions, consisting of two high-fat diets low in carbohydrate and two low-fat diets high in carbohydrate diets | Genomewide methylation profile | Infinium HumanMethylation450 BeadChip | Blood |