Table 2.

Studies assessing knowledge, attitudes and perceptions of medical students as well as other healthcare professional students regarding AMS.

Country/Study Years	Type of Study	Number of Participants	Main Findings/Outcomes	Reference
India (2015)	Multidisciplinary, cross-sectional	120 medical and 48 dental students	98% of medical students had positive attitude and knowledge towards AMS.	Sharma et al. [34]
India (2017)	Multidisciplinary, cross-sectional	198 medical students, 89 dental students, 89 nursing students, 80 pharmacy students	A great amount of healthcare students tend to use antibiotics over the counter. 25% of medical students reported self-medication. 33% of medical students did not finish the course of antibiotics.	Virmani et al. [30]
UK (2018)	Multidisciplinary, multicentre, cross-sectional	255 students, 165 pharmacy students, 71 veterinary students, 12 medical students, 11 dental students, 3 physicians, 2 nurses	95% of the students believe that AMR will be a major issue in their future clinical practice. One out of five students felt confident about their knowledge about antimicrobial use	Dyar et al. [31]
Croatia (2018)	Multidisciplinary, cross-sectional	115 medical students 46 pharmacy students	90.7% of students believed that antibiotics are overused. No difference in average knowledge score between medical and pharmacy students.	Rusic et al. [32]
USA (2018)	Single-centre, cross-sectional	103 participants (31 medical students, 57 medical residents, 12 attending physicians)	85% of the responders believed that it would be beneficial for medical staff to be trained further and 75% agreed on the need for AMS education. Medical students had the lowest mean of correct answers compared to medical interns and physicians	Beatthy et al. [36]
USA (2019)	Single-centre, cross-sectional	50 medical students, 30 medical residents, 6 nurse practitioners	Lack of communication among senior and junior practitioners was observed regarding decision of antimicrobial treatment.	Smoke et al. [29]
Pakistan (2019)	Multidisciplinary, cross-sectional	247 prefinal and final year medical students, 203 prefinal and final year pharmacy students	79% of the participants believed that AMS is an important issue in their hospital. Knowledge of antimicrobial use and resistance was higher in pharmacy students than medical students. More pharmacy students would like further training regarding AMS compared to medical students.	Saleem et al. [37]
United Arab Emirates (2019)	Multidisciplinary, cross-sectional	Medical students, pharmacy students, veterinary students, dental students, engineering, technology and law students	Knowledge, attitude and perception score was better among medical students (58%) than in other groups of students (52%). High rates of antibiotic self-medication (38,2%).	Jairoun et al. [38]
Iran (2020)	Multicentre, cross-sectional	126 responders including infectious diseases practitioners, surgeons, medical interns, medical students, general practitioners, microbiology lab technicians and PhD students.	88.1% of participants agreed on establishment of local guidelines. 94.4% claimed that training regarding proper antibiotic use can bring positive effects on reducing AMR.	Firouzabadi et al. [35]
Rwanda (2020)	Multidisciplinary, cross-sectional	115 medical students, 41 dental students.	83% did not have knowledge of AMS. 23% did not agree that excessive antibiotic use can lead to AMR. 50% claimed that antibiotics can be used for pain and inflammation.	Nisabwe et al. [33]