Table 1.
Demographic data of the participants (n = 400).
| Characteristics | Control (n = 100) | A Fearful Picture (n = 100) | p-Value | A Red One-Way Arrow Sign (n = 100) | p-Value | A Norm-Speech Sticker (n = 100) | p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender by observation, n (%) | |||||||
| Male | 35 (35.0) | 45 (45.0) | 0.194 a | 37 (37.0) | 0.883 a | 49 (49.0) | 0.063 a |
| Female | 65 (65.0) | 55 (55.0) | 63 (63.0) | 51 (51.0) | |||
| Wearing university uniform, n (%) | |||||||
| Yes (estimated 17–25 years) | 2 (2.0) | 35 (35.0) | <0.001 a,* | 17 (17.0) | <0.001 a,* | 26 (26.0) | <0.001 a,* |
| No (estimated age group by observation) | 98 (98.0) | 65 (65.0) | 83 (83.0) | 74 (74.0) | |||
| Age group by observation, n (%) | |||||||
| Children (estimated 0–11 years) | 1 (1.0) | 0 | 0.002 b,* | 0 | <0.001 b,* | 0 | 0.001 b,* |
| Adolescences (estimated 12–18 years) | 12 (12.0) | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Adults (estimated 19–64 years) | 83 (83.0) | 61 (61.0) | 83 (83.0) | 70 (70.0) | |||
| Elderly (estimated ≥65 years) | 2 (2.0) | 4 (4.0) | 0 | 4 (4.0) | |||
| With companion, n (%) | |||||||
| No | 66 (66.0) | 83 (83.0) | 0.009 a,* | 75 (75.0) | 0.215 b | 79 (79.0) | 0.057 a |
| Yes | 34 (34.0) | 17 (17.0) | 25 (25.0) | 21 (21.0) | |||
| Carrying item(s), n (%) | |||||||
| No | 38 (38.0) | 48 (48.0) | 0.199 a | 65 (65.0) | <0.001 a,* | 49 (49.0) | 0.154 a |
| Yes | 62 (62.0) | 52 (52.0) | 35 (35.0) | 51 (51.0) | |||
| Container | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | |||
| Book | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Bag | 44 | 37 | 26 | 28 | |||
| Mobile | 26 | 31 | 10 | 26 | |||
| Other | 7 | 3 | 3 | 10 | |||
| Number of carrying item(s), n (%) | |||||||
| Median (IQR) | 1 (1, 2) | 1 (1, 2) | 0.243 c | 1 (1, 1) | 0.089 c | 1(1, 2) | 0.596 c |
| 1 | 41 (66.1) | 29 (55.8) | 0.513 b | 29 (82.9) | 0.156 b | 36 (70.6) | 0.932 a |
| 2 | 19 (30.6) | 20 (38.5) | 5 (14.3) | 14 (27.5) | |||
| 3 | 2 (3.2) | 3 (5.8) | 1 (2.9) | 1 (2.0) | |||
| 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
IQR = interquartile range, * p-value < 0.05, compared with control group, a Chi-square test, b Fisher’s exact test, c Wilcoxon Rank-sum test.