Table 2.
Univariate analysis (linear regression).
| Variables | Physical QoL | Psychological QoL | Social QoL | Environmental QoL |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 0.051 | 0.010 | −0.047 | 0.060 |
| Gender | ||||
| Female | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Male | 0.048 | 0.027 | −0.090 * | −0.13 |
| Education | ||||
| Primary | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Secondary | 0.008 | −0.494 | −0.490 | 1.298 ** |
| Diploma | −0.098 | −0.265 | −0.326 | 0.792 ** |
| University | −0.014 | −0.415 | −0.419 | 1.510 ** |
| Marital status | ||||
| Single | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Married | 0.089 | 0.069 | 0.057 | 0.019 |
| Widowed/divorced/separation | −0.006 | −0.023 | 0.005 | 0.002 |
| Occupation | ||||
| Not working | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Working | −0.079 | −0.024 | −0.003 | −0.132 ** |
| Homemaker or student | −0.037 | 0.023 | 0.036 | −0.060 |
| AUDIT–C (0–12) | −0.006 | −0.076 | −0.009 | −0.030 |
| Smoking status | ||||
| Non-smoker | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Some days | −0.059 | −0.068 | −0.071 | −0.045 |
| Every day | −0.065 | −0.045 | −0.059 | −0.062 |
| Fruit intake | ||||
| Did not meet the guideline | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Met the guideline | 0.085 * | 0.130 ** | 0.092 * | 0.087 * |
| Vegetable intake | ||||
| Did not meet the guideline | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Met the guideline | 0.122 ** | 0.089 ** | 0.090* | 0.039 |
| Chronic illness | ||||
| No | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Yes | −0.028 | −0.055 | −0.090 * | −0.009 |
| CPI | ||||
| Grade A (5500–24,499) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Grade B (24,500–44,499) | 0.036 | 0.072 | 0.070 | 0.190 * |
| Grade C (44,500–89,999) | −0.063 | −0.076 | −0.006 | 0.074 |
| Individual monthly income | ||||
| 0 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| <10,000 | −0.001 | 0.022 | 0.023 | 0.008 |
| 10,000–14,800 | −0.050 | −0.044 | −0.035 | −0.079 |
| 14,800–23,000 | 0.010 | −0.001 | 0.022 | 0.019 |
| >23,000 | −0.060 | 0.027 | 0.043 | −0.006 |
| Greenspace (0–100) | ||||
| Environmental quality (0–100) | 0.062 | −0.012 | −0.048 | −0.027 |
| Public space satisfaction (0–5) | 0.270 *** | 0.318 *** | 0.150 *** | 0.451 *** |
| Sleep Quality Index (0–14) | 0.269 *** | 0.291 *** | 0.183 *** | 0.449 *** |
| IPAQ | −0.478 *** | −0.361 *** | −0.251 *** | −0.296 *** |
| Perceived Stress Scale (0–40) | 0.116 ** | 0.121 ** | 0.034 | 0.034 |
| Doctor | −0.407 *** | −0.521 *** | −0.334 *** | −0.387 *** |
| No | ||||
| Yes | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| On medication | −0.025 | −0.025 | −0.037 | 0.050 |
| No | ||||
| Yes | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Hospitalisation | −0.053 | −0.058 | −0.061 | 0.047 |
| No | ||||
| Yes | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Sick leave | −0.075 | −0.012 | 0.002 | −0.028 |
| No | ||||
| Yes | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| −0.028 | 0.021 | 0.082 | −0.011 |
* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001. QoL: quality of life, CPI: Consumer Price Index, AUDIT-C: Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test, IPAQ: The International Physical Activity Questionnaire–Short Form, WHOQOL: World Health Organization Quality of Life 100.