Table 1.
Plant Species | Stress Levels | Oxidative Stress Indicators | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Drought | |||
Lolium perenne L. | Drought stress, withholding irrigation, 45 d | Increased EL. | [171] |
MDA and H2O2 content increased. | |||
Lens culinaris Medik. cv. JL-3 | Seedlings were exposed to dry air for 4 h, 3 d | Reduced membrane stability index by 57%. MDA content increased by 36%. | [77] |
Arabidopsis thaliana L. | Drought stress (300 mM d-mannitol), 10 d | Accelerated oxidative stress through elevated ROS generation. | [172] |
Brassica napus L. | Water deficit (60% FC), 21 d | The LPO product MDA is markedly enhanced. | [173] |
H2O2 contents remained unchanged. | |||
Olea europaea L. | Water deficit condition by withholding water, 20 d | Increased cell membrane permeability. | [174] |
Oryza sativa L. | Osmotic stress (15% followed by 20% PEG), 7 d | Higher accumulation of O2•−. | [71] |
Increased LPO as well as TBARS content. | |||
Salinity | |||
Triticum aestivum L. | NaCl (150 mM), 7 d | The H2O2 content increased by 41%, while MDA content increased by 61% in the salt-tolerant cultivar. | [80] |
The H2O2 content increased by 230% and MDA content increased by 90% in the salt-sensitive cultivar. | |||
Zea mays L. | NaCl stress; 75 mM (mild) and 150 mM (severe), 3 weeks | Mild and severe stress resulted in a 1.5- and 3-folds increase in H2O2 in roots. | [79] |
EL and MDA contents also increased similarly. | |||
L. culinaris Medik. |
NaCl (100 mM), 3 d | Enhanced H2O2 and MDA and content by 37 and 139%, respectively, compared to control. | [175] |
Metals/Metalloids Toxicity | |||
Pisum sativum L. | NiCl2 (100 µM), 3 d | Higher content of MDA by almost 4.5-fold and H2O2 by 7-fold. | [90] |
Withania somnifera L. | Cadmium sulphate (5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 150, 200 and 300 μM) | Increased MDA content by 2.4-fold at 10 μM cadmium sulfate. | [176] |
Total ROS, H2O2, O2•− and •OH radicals were maximum at 100 μM dose by about 2.1–3.0 -fold than control. | |||
O. sativa L. | CdCl2 (2.0 mM), 72 h | Higher MDA and H2O2 accumulation by 124 and 19%, respectively. | [177] |
LOX activity increased by 114% while shoot EL was 391% higher. | |||
Morus alba L. | PbCl2 and CdCl2 (100 and 200 μM) | Higher accumulation of H2O2, O2•−, MDA and EL were comparably higher intensity in all these under Cd stress than Pb. | [14] |
Cucumis sativus L. cv. Jingyan-4 | Cu2+ (80 mM as CuSO4), 14 d | Elevation in O2•−, H2O2, and •OH accumulation with a higher MDA level. | [178] |
High Temperature | |||
Gossypium hirsutum L. (84-S and M-503) |
30–45 °C, 7 d | MDA content increased by 79% in 84-S and did not change in M-503. | [179] |
Portulaca oleracea L. | 42 °C, 7 d | Increased O2•−, EL, and MDA contents by 2.4, 3.84-fold, and 23%, respectively. | [102] |
C. sativus L. | 35 ± 1 °C, 7 d | Increased MDA content (60.6%) and O2•− (79.9%). | [180] |
Nicotiana tabacum cv. Bright-Yellow 2 | 50 °C, 5 min | Increased O2•− by 50%. | [181] |
Increased MDA and H2O2 contents. | |||
Low Temperature | |||
O. sativa cv. Nipponbare and 93–11 | 2 ± 1 °C, 10, 33, 57 h | H2O2 (brown spots of histochemical analysis of H2O2) increased. | [106] |
Calendula officinalis L. | 4 °C for 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 h | Elevated MDA content (16.79%) and EL (11.78%). | [110] |
O. sativa cv. Taiwan |
15 °C for 4 d | Higher levels of H2O2 along with MDA in roots decreased the growth rate | [111] |
Prunus armenica L. | Freezing stress (−3 and −1 °C), 30 min | Increased LPO level, H2O2 content, and ion leakage percentage | [182] |
Waterlogging/Flooding | |||
Z. mays L. | Waterlogging, 14 d | Accumulation of MDA, H2O2, O2•− and •OH was increased in WL treatment. | [119] |
P.persica L. Batsch | Waterlogging, 72 h | H2O2, O2•− accumulation, and cell death intensity increased compared to control plants. | [183] |
G. max L. | Waterlogging, 10 d | Increased H2O2, O2•− and MDA contents. | [184] |
P. mahaleb P. pseudocerasus, P. cerasus × P. canescens |
Waterlogging, 24 h | Increased MDA, H2O2, and O2•− accumulation. P. mahaleb accumulated much higher MDA, H2O2, and O2•− than the other two. | [185] |
About 2.2, 7.2, and 1.5-fold higher MDA, H2O2, and O2•− contents were noticed in stressed P. mahaleb than control. | |||
C. sativus L. | Waterlogging, 96 h | Increased H2O2 and O2•− accumulation. | [186] |
High Light | |||
A. thaliana L. | 1000 µmol photons m−2 s−1, 2 d | 1O2 and H2O2 increased. | [187] |
O. sativa L. | 1400–1600 µmol photons m−2 s−1, 1 h | Increase of O2•− and H2O2 in midvein by 1.23 and 1.72-fold, respectively. | [188] |
NADPH/NADP+ ratio (2.19-fold) also found higher in midvein. | |||
Coffea arabica L. | 1000 µmol photons m−2 s−1, 12 months | NADPH/NADP+ ratio (0.6-fold) lower in HL than low light (1.1 to 1.2-fold). | [135] |
Solanumlycopersicum L. | 500, 1000 µmol photons m−2 s−1, 5 d | MDA and H2O2 contents progressively increased by 90 and 83%, respectively. | [189] |
UV-Radiation | |||
T. aestivum L. | UV-B radiation of 8.6 kJ m−2 d−1 at 12th and 14th day after emergence | The rate of O2•− generation increased by 127%, and the contents of MDA and H2O2 increased by 64 and 44%, respectively. | [129] |
O. europaea L. cv. Galega Vulgar | UV-B radiation of 6.5 kJ m−2 d−1 (UV-B1) and 12.4 kJ m−2 d−1 (UV-B2) for 5 d | Almost similar H2O2 contents with a free radical scavenging capacity—ABTS being higher than the control (UV-B1: 23.5% and UV-B2: 21.7%). | [190] |
Elevated Ozone | |||
G. max L. | 80 ppb, 6 h d−1 for 5 d | TBARS content was higher in saplings of Tracajá cultivar of soybean than in Sambaíba. | [191] |
Plants of both cultivars showed a 2-fold increase in TBARS content than plants maintained under filtered air. | |||
S.tuberosum L. | 70 ppb O3; 3 months | MDA and H2O2 increased by 2-fold and 1.5-fold, respectively, at 60 d after emergence. | [192] |
N. tabacum L. G. max L., and Populus tremula L. |
96, 74, and 64 ppb | Increase of MDA content by 97.0, 65.3, and 63.4, respectively in tobacco, soybean, and poplar, respectively. | [193] |
Increased O2•− content in poplar (by 18.4%), tobacco (by 18.8%), and soybean (by 45.6%). | |||
Increased H2O2 content of tobacco and soybean by 26.2 and 82.0%, respectively, whereas had no effect on poplar. | |||
O. sativa L. | 70–150 ppb for 10 d | Increased MDA content, compared to control. | [194] |
T. aestivum L. | 59.6 ppb; 122 d | MDA content increased in HD2967. | [195] |
Acidity and Alkalinity | |||
O. sativa L. | Simulated acid rain stress (pH 2.0 or 3.0, 4.0) | The H2O2 content in the root increased with the decrease of the pH (3.0 or 2.0). | [196] |
Decreased antioxidant enzyme activities. Increased cellular damages. | |||
S. lycopersicum L. cv. Micro-Tom | Simulated acid rain stress (pH 2.5 and 5.6), 17 d | Overaccumulation of ROS. | [197] |
Damaged grana lamella of the chloroplast. | |||
Increase of MDA and H2O2 contents by 63 and 45%, respectively, compared to control. | |||
Medicago sativa L. cv. Gongnong No. 1 | Alkaline stress (25 mM Na2CO3, pH 11.2), 48 h | Increased accumulation of ROS as well as increased oxidative damage. | [145] |
Increased cell membrane injury by 463%. Enhanced MDA content by 57%. | |||
Z. mays L. | Alkaline stress (100 mM and 150 mM Na2CO3 solution), 10 d | The H2O2 production increased considerably by 96 and 154% with 100 and 150 mM Na2CO3 treatments, respectively. | [198] |
Amplified LOX activity by 99 and 167%, in both alkaline stresses, respectively. | |||
B. oleracea L. cv ‘Bronco’ | Alkaline stress (50 mM NaHCO3: Na2CO3), pH 9, 25 d | Greater contents of MDA and higher LOX activity. | [199] |
Increased level of ROS specially amplified O2•− content. | |||
O. sativa L. | Simulated acid rain (SAR) stress (pH 5.5, 5.0, 4.5, 4.0, 3.5, 3.0 or 2.5), 5 d | Overaccumulation of ROS exceeded the scavenging ability of the antioxidant enzymes. | [200] |
Disrupted membrane permeability. | |||
Elevated level of H2O2, O2•− and MDA, contents by 107, 155 and 187% respectively, were found under the acid rain stress (pH 2.5) over the control. | |||
Herbicides Toxicity | |||
Hordeum vulgare L. | Glyphosate (6 mM) | Increased lipid peroxidation (MDA; 45% in leaves and 104% in roots) and H2O2 (82% in leaves and 123% in roots), and O2•− generation. | [162] |
Salvinia natans L. | Glyphosate (0.006, 0.03, 0.15, 0.3 and 0.45 mM) | Enhanced MDA and H2O2 production. | [201] |
S. lycopersicum L. | Glyphosate (2, 4 and 6 mM) | Higher H2O2 (40%), and O2•− (100%) contents in root at maximum concentration. | [6] |
B. napus L. | Paraquat (62.5, 125 and 250 mM) | Increased lipid peroxidation (MDA; 24, 71, and 85%), ROS generation (H2O2; 30, 90, and 134% and O2•−; 28, 59, and 82%) and LOX activity (69, 167, and 234%). | [164] |
Cucurbita spp. | Paraquat (0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.5 mM) | Increased cellular leakage and MDA production. | [202] |
N. tabacum cv. oriental | Imazapic (0.03, 0.06 and 0.12 mM) | Increased MDA content. | [203] |
Eupatorium adenophorum | Picloram (0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mM) | Increased EL (32, 36, 42, 43, and 44%) and MDA content (2.23, 2.27, 2.62, 2.71, and 2.93 times). | [163] |