Table 4.
Optical detection technique, and their properties of human coronaviruses, including recently developed 2019-nCoV nanobiosensors and influenza viruses.
| Biological Samples | Nanomaterials | Detection Methods | Target | Limit of Detection (LOD) Linear Range (LR) |
Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| INFLUENZA VIRUSES | |||||
| H5N1 virus in biological samples | Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) | Localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR); Colorimetric | H5N1 virus | LOD: 0.086 mU/mL LR: 0.1–5 mU/mL |
[165] |
| Viral strains, tracheal samples | Optical SPR fiber sensor | Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) | Avian Influenza virus |
LOD: 5.14 × 105 EID50/0.1mL LR: – |
[166] |
| H5N1–infected feces samples | Gold chip | Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) | H5N1 aptamer/H5N1 whole virus | LOD: 200 EID50/mL LR: – |
[167] |
| Infected cells A549 type with wild type virus or with its PB1-F2 knock-out mutant | Immobilization of anti-PB1-F2 anti-body on the surface of Au micro-electrode modified with polypyrrole bearing ferrocene | Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) | PB1-F2 protein of influenza A virus | LOD: 0.42 nM LR: – |
[87] |
| Biomolecular samples | Gold sensor | Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) | H5N1 antigen/H5N1 antibody ssDNA of the H1N1 | LOD: 193.3 ng/mL LR: – |
[168] |
| Blood samples | Gold binding polypeptide (GBP)–fusion protein | Localized surface plasmon resonance/SPR imaging (LSPR/SPRi) | Influenza B virus | LOD: 1 pg/mL LR: – |
[77] |
| Chicken serum | Au spike-like nanoparticle (hAuSN) immobilized on the indium-tin-oxide (ITO) substrate | Localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) | HA protein from H5N1 | LOD: 1.00 pM LR: – |
[169] |
| Nasal mucosa from flulike syndrome patients | Gold chip | Intensity-modulated surface plasmon resonance (IM-SPR) | Attenuated reassorted H7N9 antigen | 402 copies/mL | [170] |
| Clinically isolated virus type H3N2 | Antibody-Gold nanoparticles |
Fluorescence localized surface plasmon resonance (FL-LSPR) | H3N2 Virus | LOD: 10 PFU/mL LR: – |
[30] |
| Human serum | DNA triplex with berberine |
Fluorescence-fluorescein isothiocyanate assay (FL/FICT) | Gene of H7N9 virus DNA | LOD: 0.14 nM LR: – |
[171] |
| Biological tissue | Quintenary alloyed CdZnSeTeS quantum dots | Near-infrared (NIR) Fluorescence | RNA sequence of influenza virus | LOD: 1 copy/mL LR: 0–14 copies/mL |
[52] |
| Commercial H5N1–Human serum | Ag@SiO2 NPs | Fluorescence | H5N1 aptamer/Recombinant HA protein of H5N1 | LOD: 2.00–3.5 ng/mL LR: – |
[172] |
| Human serum samples | Liposome-based sensor | Spectrophotometry | Influenza virus H5N1 based on enzyme encapsulated liposome | LOD: 0.04 ng/mL LR: 0.1–4.0 ng/mL |
[173] |
| Tracheal swabs collected from wild birds | Polydiacetylene (PDA) vesicles | UV-VIS spectrometer | H5N1 antibody/HA of the H5N1 | LOD: 0.530 copies/µL LR: – |
[174] |
| - | Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) modified with monoclonal anti-hemagglutinin antibody (mAb). | Colorimetric immunosensor | Influenza A virus (IAV) | LOD: 7.8 hemagglutination units (HAU) LR: – |
[175] |
| Viral culture | Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) |
Surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)-based lateral flow assay (LFA) | Viral particles (VP) | LOD: 1.9 × 104 PFU/mL LR: 0–1.0 × 106 PFU/mL |
[176] |
| Viral nucleic acid | BaGdF 5: Yb/Er upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) to AuNPs | Luminescence Resonance Energy Transfer (LRET) | H7 hemagglutinin gene sequence | LOD: 7 pM LR: 10 pM to 10 nM |
[177] |
| CORONAVIRUSES | |||||
| SARS-CoV | |||||
| Human serum Bovine serum albumin (BSA) |
Gold nanoparticles | Localized surface plasmon coupled fluorescence (LSPCF) fiber-optic |
SARS-CoV nucleocapsid protein (N protein) | LOD: 1 pg/mL LR: – |
[163] |
| Rabbit anti-SCVme | Gold micropatterned chip | Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) | GBP-E-SCVme (SARS-CoV) fusion proteins/anti-SCVme | LOD: 0.200 µg/mL LR: – |
[178] |
| Protein sample | – | Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) |
SARS-CoV genome sequence (full- length and N-terminal residues 1–7 deleted SARS 3Clpros) | LOD: – LR: – |
[67] |
| Culture sample of SARS protein, enhanced GFP-green fluorescent protein and RFP-red fluorescent protein | poly(hydroxyalkanoate) (PHA) microbead | Fluorescence Flow cytometry |
SARS-CoV envelope gene sequence |
LOD: – LR: – |
[179] |
| Vero E6 Cells | Green fluorescent protein (GFP) | Fluorescence | The 3a gene encodes a non-structural viral protein of SARS-Coronavirus | LOD. – LR: – |
[180] |
| Protein sample | - | Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) | SARS coronavirus NTPase/Helicase | LOD: – LR: – |
[181] |
| Upper-strand DNA and fluorescent-dye-conjugated bottom-strand DNA | Graphene oxide (GO) sheet | Fluorescence | SARS-CoV helicase | LOD: – LR: – |
[182] |
| Lung samples cell (A549 human alveolar epithelial cells or inner medullary collecting duct (IMCD) mouse kidney epithelial cells taken after 6 days of infection with SARS-CoV) | - | Flow cytometry Affinity chromatography for purification of Spike-Fc protein) |
SARS-CoV Spike Fc protein | LOD: – LR: – |
[9] |
| Control samples Unlabeled nucleic acids in solution | - | Flow cytometry based on fluorescence | SARS-hCoV-M SARS-hCoV-N parainfluenza virus type 3(PIV-3), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) |
LOD: 26 fmol at an mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of 5.7 (for SARS-N) LOD: 37 fmol (for SARS-M, hepatitis C virus , parainfluenza virus type 3, RSV) LR.26–56 fmol for SARS-M, HCV, PIV-3, RSV). |
[183] |
| Serum samples (B cells of SARS convalescent patients; whole inactivated SARS-CoV virions) |
Imaging ellipsometry (Real-time spectroscopic ellipsometry detect the protein layer pattern on the microarray surface. | B cells of SARS whole inactivated SARS-CoV virions |
LOD: – LR: – |
[184] | |
| Human serum from healthy donor Synthetic RNA aptamer |
QDs-conjugated RNA aptamer On glass CHIP |
optical QDs-based RNA aptamer chip | SARS-CoV N protein | LOD: concentrations as low as 0.1 pg/mL | [98] |
| genomic DNA | Functionalized Photonic Nanocrystals | Optical detection | SARS coronavirus antigenic surface protein | [185] | |
| Rabbit anti-SARS coronavirus surface antigen (Rabbit anti SCVme) | Gold micropatterned chip | Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) | SARS coronavirus surface antigen (SCVme) | LOD: 0.200 µg/mL LR: – |
[178] |
| Serum samples (B cells of SARS convalescent patients; whole inactivated SARS-CoV virions) |
Imaging ellipsometry (real-time spectroscopic ellipsometry detects the protein layer pattern on the microarray surface) | B cells of SARS whole inactivated SARS-CoV virions (scFv, b1 and h12 molecule) | LOD:2.2 µg/mL (b1) and 34 µg/mL (h12) LR: - |
[184] | |
| Human serum from healthy donor Synthetic RNA aptamer |
QDs-conjugated RNA aptamer On glass chip |
Optical QDs-based RNA aptamer chip (Confocal laser scanning microscopy) |
SARS-CoV N protein | LOD: concentrations as low as 0.1 pg ml−1 | [98] |
| MERS-CoV or hCoV-EMC/2012 | |||||
| Clinical sample | Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) | Localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR); Colorimetric assay | MERS-CoV DNA samples |
LOD: 1 pmol/µL LR: – |
[186] |
| Convalescent patient serum clinical isolate hCoV-EMC/2012 from green monkey kidney (Vero B4) cells |
- | Immunofluorescence microscopy | hCoV-EMC/2012 (MERS-CoV) | LOD: 4.1 RNA copies/reaction | [187] |
| Synthetic DNA oligonucleotides samples | Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) | Colorimetric assay | MERS-CoV DNA | LOD: 1.53 nM | [188] |
| 2019-nCoV or SARS-CoV-2 | |||||
| Respiratory secretions upper respiratory tract (URT) specimen |
Gold nanoislands functionalized (AuNIs) with complementary DNA receptors |
Plasmonic photo-thermal (PPT) and localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) | SARS-CoV-2 Nucleic acid | LOD: 0.22 pM LR: – |
[1] |
| Clinical samples | - | Fluorescent detection | SARS-CoV-2 RNA | LOD: 2 copies per sample | [189] |
| Isolated RNA samples | Gold nanoparticles | Colorimetric assay | RNA sequence of SARS-CoV-2 | LOD: 0.18 ng/µL of RNA Dynamic range: 0.2–3 ng/µL. |
[190] |
| Blood samples collected from 397 PCR confirmed COVID-19 patients and 128 negative patients | gold nanoparticle (AuNP) colloids | colorimetric assay | SARS-CoV-2 IgG-IgM combined antibody | LOD: – LR: – |
[191] |