Table 5.

Magneto-optical detection method and their parameters for human coronaviruses including COVID-19 causative virus and influenza viruses.

Biological Samples	Nano-/Micro Materials	Detection Methods	Target	Limit of Detection (LOD) Linear Range (LR)	Ref.
INFLUENZA VIRUSES
Virus samples in aqueous buffer and human serum	Ag@SiO2 nanoparticles	Metal enhanced fluorescence (MEF)	Influenza H5N1	LOD: 3.5 ng/mL LR: 2–200 ng/mL	[172]
Clinical virus in complex biological samples	Au/Fe3O4 decorated graphene	Fluorescence	Influenza H1N1	LOD: 7.27 fg/mL LR: 10–104 fg/mL	[209]
Complex biological samples	Au/iron oxides (Au/IONPs)-decorated graphene	Magnetofluoro immunoassay (Plasmonic-magnetic graphene platform for virus detection)	Influenza H1N1 In serum	LOD: 6.07 pg/mL LR: –	[209]
Clinically isolated human serum samples	Silica-shelled magnetic nanobeads (MagNBs) and gold nanoparticles	Magnetic nano(e)zyme-linked immunosorbent assay (MagLISA)	Influenza virus A	LOD: 5 × 10−12 g/mL (by human eyes) LOD: 44.2 × 10−15 g/mL (by a microplate reader) LR: 5 × 10−15–5 × 10−6 g/mL	[210]
CORONAVIRUSES
SARS/MERS-CoV
Paired human sera and control serum samples for each hCoV	Multiplexed magnetic microsphere	MMIA- multiplexed magnetic microsphere immunoassay Fluorescence	SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV Immunoglobulin G antibodies specific for recombinant nucleocapsid proteins (from SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV, hCoVs, 229E, NL63, OC43, HKU1	LOD: – LR: –	[211]
2019-nCoV or SARS-CoV-2
SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus in 200 μL serum samples	Poly (amino ester) with carboxyl groups (PC)-coated magnetic nanoparticle (pcMNPs)	Fluorescence and convectional RT-PCR protocol	Viral RNA extraction of SARS-CoV-2	LOD: 10 copies of pseudovirus	[212]
Fetal bovine serum (FBS)	Magnetic nanoparticle (MNP)	Optomagnetic sensing	SARS-CoV-2 RdRp coding sequences	LOD: 0.4 fM dynamic Detection range: 3 orders of magnitude and a total assay time of ca. 100 min	[14]