Table 6.
Mass sensitive detection method and their parameters for developed SARS-CoV and influenza virus nanobiosensors.
| Biological Samples | Nanomaterials | Detection Methods | Target | Limit of Detection (LOD) Linear Range (LR) |
Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| INFLUENZA VIRUSES | |||||
| - | Gold film | Quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) | Hemagglutinin (HA) protein of influenza A virus | LOD: 4.7 × 10−2 µM, (0.26 µg/mL) LR: – |
[235] |
| Sample of human influenza A virus (H1N1) incubated in a chicken egg culture | Poly(EDOT-co- EDOTOA) Films |
Quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) | Human influenza A virus H1N1 | LOD: 0.012 HAU LR: – |
[236] |
| Influenza A virus (VR-544, H3N2) samples | QCM electrodes |
Quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) | Influenza A virions, influenza H3N2 polyclonal IgG |
LOD: 4 virus particles/mL | [237] |
| Commercial H5N3 | Lead zirconate titanate (PZT) piezoelectric disc | Piezoelectric–SPM | H5N3 surface glycoprotein | 105 vp/mL (100 µm thick) | [228] |
| Biological sample | – | Surface acoustic wave (SAW) | HA proteins of Influenza A virus sub type H1N1 | LOD: 1 ng /mL LR: – |
[238] |
| commercial H5N3 | Lead zirconate titanate (PZT) piezoelectric disc | Piezoelectric—SPM | 3′SLPAA polymer/H5N3 surface glycoprotein | 105 vp/mL (100 µm thick) | [228] |
| CORONAVIRUSES | |||||
| SARS-CoV | |||||
| Sputum | PZ crystal surface | Immunoassay | SARS-CoV | LOD: 0.6 µg/mL LR: – |
[102] |
| Biological sample | Piezoelectric immunosensor | Quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) | SARS-CoV spike protein S1 | – | [239] |
| High protein sera sample |
Aptamer coated paramagnetic nanoparticles |
Piezoelectric | SARS-CoV helicase protein | LOD: 3.5 ng/mL | [240] |
| 2019-nCoV or SARS-CoV-2 | |||||
| Oral swab samples | Nanoparticles | Quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) | SARS-CoV-2 spike protein |
– | [241] |