Table 1.
Demographics and Clinical Characteristics
| Characteristic | Controls |
Cases |
Significance | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| noTBI (n = 35) | 1-2TBI (n = 73) | rTBI (n = 45) | |||
| Age, mean (SD), y | 41.60 (11.27) | 38.90 (10.40) | 41.16 (10.22) | F2,150 = 1.043 | 0.355 |
| Male, n (%) | 31 (88.6) | 66 (90.4) | 36 (80.0) | x2 = 2.763 | 0.251 |
| Education, n (%) | x2 = 5.850 | 0.440 | |||
| Some high school | 1 (2.9) | 0 | 0 | ||
| High school graduate or GED | 5 (14.3) | 9 (12.3) | 5 (11.1) | ||
| Some college or technical school | 14 (40.0) | 29 (39.7) | 24 (53.3) | ||
| College graduate or higher | 15 (42.9) | 35 (47.9) | 16 (35.6) | ||
| Total Number of TBIs, mean (SD) | 0.00 | 1.48 (0.50) | 4.13 (1.55) | F2,150 = 220.98 | 0.000 |
| Number of general TBIs, mean (SD) | 0.00 | 1.00 (0.71) | 2.98 (1.42) | F2,150 = 115.29 | 0.000 |
| Years since last TBI, mean (SD) | 0.00 | 11.18 (9.32) | 7.78 (4.51) | F1,116 = 5.23 | 0.024 |
| NSI, mean (SD) | |||||
| NSI total | 16.17 (15.67) | 28.01 (16.70) | 33.96 (14.31) | F2,149 = 12.74 | 0.000* |
| Somatic | 3.43 (4.29) | 7.14 (5.10) | 9.31 (4.78) | F2,149 = 14.73 | 0.000* |
| Affective | 6.91 (6.09) | 10.70 (6.18) | 11.76 (5.05) | F2,150 = 7.38 | 0.001* |
| Cognitive | 3.51 (3.65) | 5.45 (3.7) | 6.93 (3.48) | F2,150 = 8.68 | 0.000* |
| Vestibular | 1.11 (1.94) | 2.49 (2.52) | 3.38 (2.17) | F2,150 = 9.61 | 0.000* |
Number of general TBIs refers to the number of TBIs caused by non-blast blunt injury. Total number of TBIs refers to the number of general TBIs plus the number of TBIs caused by blast.
*
Significance between noTBI and rTBI groups (≥3) or noTBI and 1–2 TBI groups (<3). p values < 0.05 are bold.
TBI, traumatic brain injury; SD, standard deviation; GED, general educational development; NSI, neurobehavioral symptom inventory.