Table 2.

List and Description of Measures

Domain	Measure	Description
Memory	California Verbal Learning Test—II (CVLT-II)	The CVLT-II asks examinees to learn and remember a list of 16 words. It has been used to meaningfully differentiate between severities of TBI48 and to demonstrate different types of memory impairments in TBI.49 CVLT-II Long Delay Free Recall score was used for analyses. Scores range from 0 to 16, and a lower score indicates a deficit in verbal learning or memory.
	Brief Visual Memory Test—Revised (BVMT-R)	The BVMT-R exposes examinees to 6 figures across 3 learning trials and later asks them to recall the figures from memory. The BVMT-R has been successfully used to evaluate cognitive deficits in neurological populations including concussions50 and to predict recovery from mild TBI.51,52 Delayed Recall scores were used for analysis. Scores range from 0 to 12, with lower score indicating poorer recall.
Executive functioning	Trail Making Test B (TMT B)	TMT B asks examinees to accurately switch between numbers and letters, in order, while visually scanning a page. TMT B has been shown to accurately classify cognitive deficit after mild TBI53 and to predict decision-making capacity in among patients with TBI.54 Quicker completion time (reported in raw seconds) denotes better cognitive inhibition.
	Digit Span Backwards subtest, WAIS-IV	Digit Span Backwards asks examinees to hold and manipulate a string of numbers in working memory. There is strong support for the clinical utility of these and other WAIS-IV subtests in individuals with mild TBI.55 Total scores are reported, with higher scores indicating better working memory.
	Flanker test	This test measures to identify relevant and inhibit irrelevant information. A modified version of the original test, updated for the NIH toolbox was used with examinees. The NIH Toolbox has been validated for use in TBI.56 The computed score, ranging for 0–10 was used for analyses, with lower scores indicative of worse cognitive inhibition.
Processing Speed	Trail Making Test A (TMT A)	TMT A asks examinees to quickly scan and connect a series of numbered circles. TMT has been shown to accurately classify cognitive deficit after mild TBI53 and to predict decision-making capacity in among patients with TBI.54 Quicker completion time (reported in raw seconds) denotes faster simple processing speed.
	Coding subtest, WAIS-IV	The coding subtest of the WAIS-IV measures complex processing speed. Raw scores are reported, with higher numbers indicating faster processing speed.
Self-Report	Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory (NSI)57	The NSI is broken down into 4 subscales, representing commonly reported symptoms following concussion: cognitive, affective, vestibular, and somatic. The cognitive subscale was used for analyses and scores range from 0–4. Higher numbers represent more symptoms endorsed.
Effort	Medical Symptom Validity Test (MSVT)	The MSVT is a short verbal memory test, utilizing a paired associated learning paradigm. Scores were considered unreliable if accuracy was less than 85%.
	WAIS-IV Reliable Digit Span	Reliable Digit Span is a composite of longest digit span forward + longest digit span backward, wherein both trials were accurate. Scores were considered unreliable if combined reliable digit span was less than 7.
	Mild Brain Injury Atypical Symptoms (mBIAS)	The mBIAS is a subscale of the Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory, which consists of atypical or rarely endorsed post-concussive symptoms. Reporting on this measure was considered unreliable if scores were ≥8.

TBI, traumatic brain injury; WAIS-IV, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale 4th Edition.