Table 1.
Participant Details
| Typical developing (N = 51) | CD (N = 67) | Psychiatric (N = 77) | F value | Significance | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Psychiatric diagnoses | |||||
| CD | 0 | 67 (100%) | 0 | ||
| ADHD | 0 | 52 (78%) | 48 (62%) | 61.368 | <0.001 |
| MDD | 0 | 12 (18%) | 19 (25%) | 7.586 | 0.001 |
| GAD | 0 | 28 (42%) | 33 (43%) | 18.466 | <0.001 |
| Demographics | |||||
| Age | 16.41 (1.31) | 16.45 (1.11) | 16.41 (1.25) | 0.022 | 0.978 |
| IQ | 105.14 (12.47) | 99.36 (11.34) | 103.29 (15.66) | 2.927 | 0.056 |
| Sex (N male) | 35 (53%) | 42 (63%) | 46 (60%) | ||
| Symptom severity | |||||
| SDQ-CP | 0.31 (0.71) | 7.06 (1.57) | 3.04 (2.32) | 241.70 | <0.001 |
| ARI | 0.96 (1.59) | 3.97 (3.48) | 3.41 (3.23) | 15.75 | <0.001 |
| ICU | 15.85 (7.08) | 26.11 (8.39) | 23.83 (8.36) | 23.64 | <0.001 |
| Conners | 0.71 (2.28) | 9.07 (5.93) | 5.40 (6.03) | 36.44 | <0.001 |
| Medications | |||||
| Antipsychotics | 0 | 9 (13%) | 2 (3%) | ||
| SSRIs | 0 | 11 (16%) | 16 (21%) | ||
| Stimulants | 0 | 14 (22%) | 16 (21%) | ||
ARI, Affective Reactivity Index; ADHD, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; CD, conduct disorder; Conners, Conners' ADHD scale; ICU, Inventory of Callous–Unemotional traits; psychiatric, psychiatric comparison group (no participants with CD); GAD, generalized anxiety disorder; MDD, major depressive disorder; SDQ-CP, Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire Conduct Problems subscale; antipsychotics, no. of participants prescribed antipsychotic medications; SSRIs, no. of participants prescribed selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors; stimulants, no. of participants prescribed stimulant medications.