Table 4.
Protocol and parameter that triggers feedback signals.
| ID | R | Protocol | Follow-up | Trigger |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| [65] | Yes | 6 sessions 20 min each. Feedback every 5 gait cycles all sessions. | 1 month | 50% from BS PPA. Displayed 50–75% and over 75% |
| [66] | No | 8 sessions in a 2-week period. Increasing 15 to 30 min. Feedback was reduced gradually during the last 4 sessions. | 1 month | 50% of BS of PPA |
| [68] | No | Single session of 30 min. 10 min No feedback followed by 10 min feedback. | No | 50% of BS of PPA |
| [69] | No | 2 sessions. 30 min. 10 min No feedback followed by 10 min feedback. | 1 week | 50% of BS of PPA |
| [71] | No | 8 sessions in a 2-week period. Increasing 15 to 30 min. Feedback was reduced gradually during the last 4 sessions. Each condition included a numeral cognitive task. Feedback was randomized. | No | 80% of BS of PPA |
| [61] | No | 8 sessions in a 2-week period. Increasing 15 to 30 min. Feedback was reduced gradually during the last 4 sessions. | No | 80% of BS of PPA |
| [70] | No | Single session. 20 min with intermittent feedback every 5 min. | No | 75–80% of BS of PPA |
| [64] | No | 8 sessions in a 2-week period. Increasing 15 to 30 min. Feedback was reduced gradually during the last 4 sessions. Each condition included a numerical cognitive task. | No | 80% of BS of PPA with a constant speed and cognitive and verbal task |
| [67] | Yes | 9 sessions. 6 min of feedback during the first 8 sessions. Participants had 1-hour endurance training before the feedback. Session #9 was a 1-month follow-up. | 1 month | 100%, 120% Speed and maintaining PPA under 100% of BS |
| [63] | No | 8 sessions in a 2-week period. Increasing 15 to 30 min. Feedback was reduced gradually during the last 4 sessions. | No | 90% and 110% BS speed and 80% of BS of PPA |
| [73] | Yes | 8 outdoor sessions in a 4-week period. Training sessions with a structure mixing 400 m to 1000 m runs. Data collection was measured at 80% of the max speed with 1% of treadmill inclination. Feedback was presented during resting times (approx. 3 min). | 1 week | Decrease GCT from previous run with a structured distance protocol aiming 80% of maximal velocity |
| [72] | Yes | 8 outdoor sessions in a 4-week period. Constant feedback during the session. Self-controlled. Run time: free. | 1 month | 7.5% increment of SF |
| [62] | Yes | 8 sessions (indoor or outdoor) in a 4-week period. Feedback on sessions #1–3, 5 and 7. Constant feedback during the session. Self-controlled. Run time: free. Groups were blinded. | 1 month | 7.5% increment of SF |
| [74] | No | “Series of short runs”. Protocol does not specify the frequency or intensity. Feedback session had continuously head trajectory. | No | 80%, 90%, 110% speed; 80% to 120% SF |
| [75] | No | Single run following a metronome. 15 min of feedback. 5 min for each condition. Visual, auditory and combined. | No | Incremented 10% BS of cadence and if heel strike load was sensed |
| [76] | No | Single session. Running or feedback time not specified. 11 running trials combining 2 control variables and feedback: Vertical displacement and step frequency. | No | 80%,90% and 100% VD; 80% and 90% of BS SF |
| [56] | Yes | Single session. 30 min session. 10 min control, 10 min irregular surface, 10 min with feedback. | No | Matching FA of irregular surface run ±1 degree |
| [77] | Yes | Single session. 45 min high-intensity session. 3 runs of 15 min with 6 different running speeds and last 2 min with self-selected speed covering as much distance as they can. Continuous feedback. | No | 0%, 20%, 35%, 50%, 70% and 100% of BS sprint. 50% considered running |
| [60] | No | Single session. 6 min control and 6 min feedback with 10 min rest. 6 min counted from reaching self-selected speed with typical moderate intensity. | No | 5 kg resistance in lower limbs from a wearable and portable belt |
Definitions: Randomized (R); baseline (BS); positive peak acceleration (PPA); vertical displacement (VD); step frequency (SF).