Table 1.

Influence of the gut microflora upon defined phenotypical attributes.

Murine Model	Attribute	Procedure	Main Observations	Reference
Wistar rats	Anxiety-like behavior	Oral administration of a formula—Probiotic which contained Lactobacillus helveticus R0052 and Bifidobacterium longum R0175	Daily subchronic doses for fourteen days has significantly reduced anxiety in rats	[231]
BALB/c mice	Anxiety-like behavior	Daily administration of Bifidobacterium longum 1714 Bifidobacterium breve 1205, Escitalopram or vehicle	After one month and a half of treatment, both Bifidobacterium species and Escitalopram reduced anxiety, with no significant differences in corticosterone levels between groups	[232]
Wistar rats	Anxiety-like behavior	Administration of a mixture of Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium lactis, and Lactobacillus fermentum	After fourteen days of treatment, the cognitive activity of stressed rats was similar to that of controls	[233]
BALB/c mice	Depression-like behavior	Oral administration of Lactobacillus rhamnosus (JB-1)	Treatment with Lactobacillus rhamnosus (JB-1) diminished stress/anxious/depressive-related behaviors.	[234]
Sprague-Dawley rats	Depression-like behavior	Oral administration of Bifidobacterium infantis	Treatment with Bifidobacterium infantis has an anti-depressant activity, by restoring the HPA axis function, concomitantly with a pro-inflammatory cascade decline decrease	[235]
C57BL/6 mice	Depression-like behavior	Oral administration of Lactobacillus helveticus R0052, Lactobacillus plantarum R1012 and Bifidobacterium longum R0175, fluoxetine, or saline	Probiotic administration has diminished chronic mild stress by improving the overall immunity, followed by a significantly increase of Lactobacillus ratio	[236]
BALC/c and Swiss Webster (SW)	Depression-like behavior	Oral administration of fluoxetine or Lactobacillus rhamnosus JB-1	BALB/c mice displayed a significantly antidepressant-like behavior, while SW mice did not respond to treatment	[237]
Sprague-Dawley rats	Depression-like behavior	Oral gavage of Bifidobacterium bifidum W37, Lactobacillus brevis W63, Lactobacillus casei W56, Lactobacillus salivarius W24, Lactococcus lactis W19 and 58 or vehicle	After one month and one week, treatment significantly reduced the major depression disorder by boosting both the immune system activity and tryptophan metabolism	[238]
Maternal immune activation mouse model	Stereotypic behaviors and vocalizations	Oral administration of Bacteroides fragilis or vehicle	Restores the social behavior after treatment; every two days for six days at weaning	[239]