Table 1.
Carbon dots with antioxidant properties, precursors and applications.
| Carbon Precursor | Dopants | Synthesis Method | Methods | Application | EC50 μg mL−1 |
Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Garlic | - | HT 200 °C, 3 h Autoclave |
DPPH Fenton |
- | 80 | [13] |
| Coriander leaves | - | HT 240 °C, 4 h |
DPPH | - | 15 | [14] |
| Coconut husk | - | HT 200 °C, 3 h. Autoclave |
DPPH | - | 60 | [15] |
| Coconut shell | - | HT 200 °C, 3 h Autoclave |
DPPH | - | 25 | [16] |
| Selenocystine | - | HT 60 °C, 24 h |
ESRS DEMPO |
MDA-MB-231 cells viability | - | [17] |
| BSA | Ce(NO3)3·6H2O | Bio-mineralization pH 12, 55 °C, 8 h |
Methyl Violet | VSMC and 7721 cells viability |
- | [18] |
| Tea waste | Ethylene-diamine | HT 150 °C |
Fenton Pyrogallol | - | 80 (hydroxyl radical), 24.2 (superoxide radical) |
[19] |
| 1,4-phenylene- diamine |
Phosphoric acid + Mn(OAc)2 | HT 220 °C, 10 min Microwave |
DPPH Fenton NBT enzymatic |
B15F1, HeLa and HEL cells viability | 6.55 (DPPH) 6.44 (•OH) 4.30 (O2•−) |
[20] |
| Phloroglucinol + phenol | - | HT 260 °C, 5 h Autoclave |
Fenton | rADSC cells viability |
- | [21] |
| Citric acid | Mercapto-ethylamine + sodium selenite | HT 150 °C, 2.5 h |
DPPH Fenton DTNB |
- | - | [7] |
| Cumin seeds | - | HT 250 °C, 6 h Autoclave |
DPPH | - | 1.2 | [22] |
| Thymus vulgaris L. essential oil | - | HT 200 °C, 15 h Autoclave |
DPPH | - | 23.43 | [23] |
| Lutein | Ethylene-diamine | HT 140 °C, 12 h Autoclave |
DPPH ROSUP DCFH-DA | NCI-H1299 cells viability |
- | [24] |
| EDTA | Ce(NO3)3·6H2O Pr(NO3)3·6H2O |
HT 200 °C, 8 h |
Fenton ESRS |
MEF and PATU 8988 cells viability | - | [25] |
DEMPO = 5,5′-dimethylpyrroline N-oxide; DCFH-DA = 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein diacetate; DPPH = 1,1-Diphenyl-2 trinitrophenylhydrazine; DTNB = 5,5′-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid); EDTA = ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; ESRS = Electron Spin Resonance Spectrometry; HT= hydrothermal NBT = nitro blue tetrazolium; ROSUP = (ROS reagent, as a positive control for ROS level for cells).