Table 2.
Average abundances (quantifier ion (quantion) intensities) of sugar metabolites significantly different when comparing human milk (HM; n = 93), cow’s milk-based formula (MF; n = 80), and soy-formula (SF; n = 76) diet groups in the urine of infants at 3 months of age.
| Sugar Metabolites | HM 1 | SEM 2 | MF 1 | SEM 2 | SF 1 | SEM 2 | FDR 3 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| lactulose | 336,279.97 a | 14,022.23 | 247,323.82 b | 12,749.61 | 14,196.64 c | 4591.57 | <0.01 |
| maltose | 34,973.18 a | 2167.14 | 16,006.10 b | 1520.60 | 4519.71 c | 397.87 | <0.01 |
| leucrose | 3676.20 a | 166.62 | 1060.06 b | 75.08 | 1837.64 c | 122.26 | <0.01 |
| raffinose | 1084.35 a | 122.07 | 238.66 b | 9.1 | 732.36 c | 296.15 | <0.01 |
| fucose | 139,782.64 a | 8791.63 | 53,538.91 b | 2002.00 | 64,898.99 b | 3622.54 | <0.01 |
| ribose | 12,310.79 a | 390.34 | 9439.59 b | 348.86 | 8822.64 b | 328.75 | <0.01 |
| arabinose | 11,618.04 a | 436.44 | 8996.94 b | 368.72 | 8884.23 b | 363.02 | <0.01 |
| 1,5-anhydroglucitol | 54,718.26 a | 2247.00 | 17,163.66 b | 812.97 | 40,641.95 c | 2275.23 | <0.01 |
| xylose | 184,198.91 a | 6264.48 | 137,284.11 b | 4142.07 | 142,267.39 b | 6501.21 | <0.01 |
| isoribose | 3285.43 a | 190.48 | 2637.76 b | 144.15 | 2955.26 a,b | 167.3 | 0.05 |
| isomaltose | 5398.49 a,c | 898.31 | 2925.34 b | 112.23 | 4661.21 c | 643.68 | <0.01 |
| sucrose | 2337.10 a,c | 144.04 | 1872.82 b | 186.53 | 4055.60 c | 748.1 | 0.01 |
| mannose | 496,603.14 a,b | 25,463.34 | 439,742.43 b | 22,004.12 | 68,955.42 c | 13,014.98 | <0.01 |
| glucose | 93,916.11 a,b | 4419.51 | 81,781.49 b | 3994.20 | 24,763.18 c | 1457.20 | <0.01 |
| threose | 15,276.43 a,b | 1450.50 | 18,832.83 b | 2002.76 | 9808.84 c | 1108.25 | <0.01 |
| erythrose | 12,508.35 a | 1231.90 | 16,378.82 b | 1559.38 | 8712.12 c | 1031.38 | <0.01 |
| lactitol | 6657.86 a | 365.48 | 3782.18 b | 233.71 | 567.13 c | 55.33 | <0.01 |
| hexitol | 63,063.27 a | 3831.99 | 12,559.48 b | 710.18 | 7928.03 c | 468.42 | <0.01 |
| myo-inositol | 174,330.32 a | 14,214.23 | 89,158.83 b | 7248.63 | 104,181.71 b | 11,103.32 | <0.01 |
| glycerol | 41,361.03 a | 2669.30 | 33,635.40 b | 3302.20 | 33,937.36 b | 3093.07 | <0.01 |
| ribitol | 40,869.38 a,c | 1346.74 | 30,120.87 b | 1216.22 | 36,017.68 c | 1417.21 | <0.01 |
| lyxitol | 43,275.89 a,c | 2702.30 | 34,099.54 b | 2624.39 | 43,992.82 c | 3680.79 | <0.01 |
| galactinol | 2041.95 a | 84.28 | 1104.02 b | 29.26 | 759.29 c | 36.61 | <0.01 |
| mannitol | 28,703.55 a,c | 9513.62 | 14,531.88 b | 642.03 | 20,289.30 c | 2674.27 | <0.01 |
| tartaric acid | 945.04 a,c | 221.94 | 1305.12 b | 168.3 | 1172.62 c | 467.75 | <0.01 |
1 Mean of normalized (mTIC) peak intensities (mz/rt) for human milk (HM), cow’s milk-based formula (MF), and soy-formula (SF) diet groups after MetaboAnalyst analyses. Means with different letters indicate statistical difference between diet groups. 2 SEM = Standard error of the mean. 3 FDR = Benjamini-Hochberg adjusted p-Value.