Table 4.
Clinical studies focused on the regulation of the activity of the gut microbiota as a potential treatment against Alzheimer’s disease. Other: other symptoms or biomarkers evaluated; NT: not tested; CDT: clock Drawing test; MMSE: Mini-Mental Status; RBANS: Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status.
| Compound (Dose) | Patients (Years Old) |
Study Design | Inflammatory/AD Biomarkers | Cognitive Effect | Other | Citation Year |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mediterranean-Ketogenic diet (MMKD) (<10% carbohydrate, 60–65% fat, and 30–35% protein) American Heart Association diet (AHAD) (55–65% carbohydrate, 15–20% fat, and 20–30% protein) |
17 (64.6 ± 6.4) |
6 weeks |
↓ Aß42 ↓ Tau-p181 |
NT | ↑ Enterobacteriaceae, Akkermansia, Slackia, Christensenellaceae and Erysipelotriaceae ↑ Propionate and butyrate ↓ Bifidobacterium and Lachnobacterium ↓ Fecal acetate and lactate |
[146] 2019 |
| = Aß-42 = Tau-p181 |
NT | ↑ Mollicutes ↑ Acetate and propionate ↓ Butyrate |
||||
| Mediterranean diet (extra-virgin olive oil 1 l/week) or 30 g/day nuts | 522 (55–80) |
6.5 years |
NT | ↑ MMSE score ↑ CDT score |
- | [147] 2013 |
|
Bifidobacterium breve A1 (daily) |
117 (50–80) |
12 weeks |
NT | ↑ RBANS score ↑ MMSE score |
Safe | [151] 2019 |