. 2020 Nov 19;9(11):1609. doi: 10.3390/plants9111609

Table 4.

Effect of methanolic extract of Punica granatum leaves (100, 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg; Groups 4–7) on different biochemical parameters in nicotinamide/streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetes in rats.

Parameters	Group 1	Group 2	Group 3	Group 4	Group 5	Group 6	Group 7
Hemoglobin (mg/dL)	13.2 ± 3.2	8.57 ± 2.60 ^a	12.1 ± 2.90 ^b	9.42 ± 1.30 ^a	10.0 ± 1.50	11.3 ± 1.70	12.1 ± 1.30 ^b
HbA1c (%)	5.67 ± 0.70	13.1 ± 2.40 ^a	6.91 ± 1.09 ^b	13.0 ± 0.97 ^ac	11.6 ± 0.89	9.30 ± 0.90	7.15 ± 1.10 ^b
ALT (U/L)	27.2 ± 2.80	54.5 ± 3.80 ^a	29.7 ± 3.70 ^b	46.6 ± 3.20 ^ac	39.8 ± 3.90	32.7 ± 3.70 ^b	28.3 ± 3.80 ^b
AST (U/L)	45.3 ± 4.0	87.9 ± 5.70 ^a	48.2 ± 4.60 ^b	80.5 ± 5.90 ^ac	64.7 ± 4.90 ^b	53.4 ± 5.50 ^b	49.7 ± 5.10 ^b
Alkaline phosphatase (U/L)	124 ± 5.10	280 ± 5.50 ^a	143 ± 7.10 ^b	260 ± 4.30 ^ac	202 ± 4.90 ^abc	161 ± 5.10 ^ab	138 ± 4.70 ^b
Urea (mg/dL)	32.0 ± 3.0	78.9 ± 3.20 ^a	39.6 ± 2.40 ^b	77.6 ± 2.60 ^ac	63.4 ± 2.20 ^abc	51.3 ± 1.70 ^abc	41.2 ± 2.50 ^b
Creatinine (mg/dL)	0.98 ± 0.24	2.85 ± 0.21 ^a	1.03 ± 0.30 ^b	2.19 ± 0.30	1.83 ± 0.40	1.39 ± 0.50	1.11 ± 0.60 ^b
Total protein (g/dL)	7.90 ± 0.70	4.80 ± 0.35 ^a	8.00 ± 0.82 ^b	5.80 ± 0.46	6.60 ± 0.71	7.50 ± 0.53	8.20 ± 0.88 ^b
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	135 ± 6.10	263 ± 6.70 ^a	180 ± 6.30 ^b	240 ± 5.0 ^ac	199 ± 7.10 ^abc	171 ± 4.20 ^ab	150 ± 5.30 ^b
Triglycerides (mg/dL)	78.4 ± 2.70	166 ± 4.10 ^a	87.6 ± 3.40 ^b	150 ± 3.60 ^abc	130 ± 3.40 ^abc	110 ± 3.10 ^abc	86.3 ± 3.90 ^b
HDL (mg/dL)	49.9 ± 3.10	24.8 ± 3.90 ^a	39.9 ± 3.20 ^b	21.7 ± 3.30 ^ac	28.7 ± 2.90 ^a	36.5 ± 4.20	42.5 ± 4.40 ^b

Data are denoted as mean ± SEM (n = 6). ^a Significant (p < 0.05) difference compared to the normal group (Group 1). ^b Significant (p < 0.05) difference compared to the diabetic group (Group 2). ^c Significant (p < 0.05) difference compared to the glibenclamide-treated group (Group 3). HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin; ALT: alanine transaminase; AST: aspartate transaminase; HDL: high-density lipoprotein.