Table 2.

Two-sided independent sample t-test results of labelling effects for the subgroups.

Construct	Label	N	Mean(s.d.)	P values	Effect size (r)
Gender-male
Communication – discuss with family members	Change	456	2.31(1.08)	0.023	0.08
	Crisis	440	2.15(1.01)
Communication – discuss with friends	Change	462	2.5(0.98)	0.008	0.09
	Crisis	444	2.32(1.02)
Communications – information received	Change	449	2.88(1.01)	0.002	0.1
	Crisis	432	2.67(1.04)
Gender-female
Behavioural intention	Change	455	4.31(0.78)	0.018	0.08
	Crisis	499	4.42(0.66)
Cultural worldviews – hierarchist
Belief – Collective efficacy	Change	427	4.33(0.9)	0.02	0.08
	Crisis	434	4.18(0.99)
Cultural worldviews – individualist
Communication – discuss with family members	Change	23	2.65(1.07)	0.007	0.36
	Crisis	33	1.88(0.96)
Communication – discuss with friends	Change	23	2.35(1.03)	0.009	0.34
	Crisis	34	1.68(0.84)
Cultural worldviews - fatalist
Belief – worry	Change	45	3.38(1.21)	0.03	0.24
	Crisis	36	3.94(1.09)