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. 2020 Nov 27;11:6034. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-19862-y

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a Time-course of vigilance states; Wakefulness (top), NREMS (middle) and REMS (bottom). 5HTT^KO/KO mice show a large increase in REMS amount during the light period, while Hcrt^KO/KO and DKO mice show a large increase in the dark period both at baseline and during recovery (two-way ANOVA, time × genotype F (92,483) = 2.94 (wakefulness), 2.37 (NREMS) and 4.64 (REMS), P < 0.0001, followed by Dunnett’s test, WT vs 5HTT^+/KO;Hcrt^KO/KO *, DKO *, 5HTT^KO/KO *, Hcrt^KO/KO *, P < 0.05). Data points are shown in minutes per hour and represent the average of 2 h. Baseline represents the average of the 2 recording days that preceded sleep deprivation (SD). b From left to right: the total amount of REMS during baseline light, dark and recovery light and dark periods (one-way ANOVA, genotype F (4,21) = 10.6, 41.80, 1.89, and 30.70, respectively, P = 0.14 for recovery light and P < 0.0001 for the rest, followed by Tukey test). c Distribution of REMS bout durations indicates significantly longer bouts in 5HTT^KO/KO and DKO mice. Lower numbers for each bout duration bin are presented on the x axis (one-way ANOVA, genotype F (4, 21) = 15.03, P < 0.0001, followed by Tukey test). d REMS latency is dramatically decreased in genotypes carrying a mutant Hcrt allele, both in baseline dark period and immediately after SD (one-way ANOVA, genotype F (4, 21) = 19.74 (baseline dark, P < 0.0001) and 6.31 (recovery light, P < 0.002) followed by Tukey test). *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001 for (b–d). Values are mean ± SD. DKO: n = 7, 5HTT^KO/KO: n = 4, Hcrt^KO/KO: n = 5, 5HTT^+/KO;Hcrt^KO/KO: n = 6 and WT: n = 4.