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. 2020 Nov 27;10:20799. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-77816-2

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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E-liquids stimulated the expression of inflammatory cytokines in HMEEC-1. Cells were treated with tobacco-flavored e-liquid and menthol-flavored e-liquid at the IC50 concentration for 24 h. Quantitative real-time PCR was performed to evaluate inflammatory cytokine gene expression levels. The expression levels of COX-2 and TNF-α increased when cells were exposed to the e-liquids, and the mRNA expression of cytokines was significantly elevated in the tobacco-flavored e-liquid group (p < 0.05).