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. 2020 Nov 27;10:20799. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-77816-2

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Heatmap and volcano plots of RNA sequencing results. (A) In the heatmap, the expression values of the selected DEGs (differentially expressed genes) in log₁₀(FPKM) units were compared across samples (nicotine, solvent (PG + VG), menthol-flavored e-liquid, tobacco-flavored e-liquid and control). Red indicates transcripts with high expression, and green indicates transcripts with low expression. (B) Volcano plots of log₂ (fold change) and −log₁₀ (p-value) values are presented to show the changes in gene expression and their significance. (C) DEGs of tobacco-flavored and menthol-flavored e-liquids. Under tobacco-flavored e-liquid exposure, a total of 843 genes were differentially expressed with fold changes of | Log2 |> 1. Among these genes, 262 were upregulated, and 581 were downregulated. Menthol-flavored e-liquid exposure resulted in 228 upregulated genes and 361 downregulated.