Table 1.
Biomarkers associated with the diagnosis and prognosis of cancer.
| Cancer | Biomarkers | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Breast | BRCA1, BRCA2, MUC1, CEA, CA 15-3, CA 27, CA29, EGFR, EpCAM, HER2; miRNA-21, miRNA-373, miRNA-182, miRNA-1246 and miRNA-105 |
[7,8,9,10] |
| Prostate | PSA, Sarcosine; TEMPRSS2; miRNA-21, miRNA-141, miRNA-375 |
[11,12,13] |
| Brain | MDM2; | [14] |
| Pancreas | CA 19-9, PAM4; miRNA-21, miRNA-155, miRNA-196 |
[15,16] |
| Gastric/Stomach | CA72-4, CA19-9, CEA, IL-6; PVT1; miRNA-21, miRNA-331, miRNA-421 |
[17,18] |
| Liver | AFP, DCP, GP73; miRNA-21, miRNA-122, miRNA-16 |
[19] |
| Ovarian | CA 125 (MUC-16), CEA, Claudin-4; | [20,21] |
| Lung | ANXA2, CEA, Chromogranin A, CA 19-9, CYFRA 21-1 (CA-19 fragment), NSE, SCC, SAA1, HER1; P53, P16, Ras genes, Telomere length and telomere-related genes, EGFR gene (c-ErbB-1 and c-ErbB-2); miRNA-21 (in sputum) |
[22,23,24,25,26] |
| Neck | MGMT gene | [27] |
Abbreviations: BRCA1, breast cancer 1 gene; BRCA2, breast cancer 2 gene; MUC1, mucin1; CEA, carcinoembryonic antigen; CA, cancer antigen; EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; EpCAM, epithelial cell adhesion molecule; HER, human epidermal growth factor receptor; miR, micro-RNA; PSA, prostate-specific antigen; PAP, prostatic acidic phosphatase; MDM2, murine double minute 2; AFP, α-1-fetoprotein; DCP, des-γ-carboxyprothrombin; GP73, golgi protein 73; ANXA2, annexin A2; NSE, neuron-specific enolase; SCC, squamous cell carcinoma antigen; SAA1, serum amyloid A1; P53, protein suppressor gene; MGMT, o6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase.