Table 5.
Current sensitive electrochemical biosensors using free RedOx indicator.
| MicroRNA | Free RedOx Indicator | Platform | Amplification Agent | Technique | Linear Range/LOD | LOD | Real-Samples Application | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| miRNA-21 | Fe(CN)63−/4- | AuE | biotin-FNPs | EIS | 0.1–250 fM | 0.1 fM | - | [181] |
| miRNA-21 | Fe(CN)63−/4- | GCE | AuNPs | EIS | 1–1000 pM | 0.3 pM | Spiked serum sample | [182] |
| miRNA-21 | Fe(CN)63−/4- | Magnetic GCE | DSN | EIS | - | 60 aM | Human serum from breast cancer patients | [171] |
| miRNA-199a-5p | Fe(CN)63−/4- | GCE/GO/GNR | GO and GNR | EIS | 148 pM–15 fM | 4.5 fM | Spiked human blood serum | [164] |
| miRNA-155 | Fe(CN)63−/4- | Pt wire/Ti3C2Tx@FePcQDs | Ti3C2Tx@FePcQDs | EIS | 0.01 fM–10 pM | 4.3 aM | Spiked human serum samples | [165] |
| miRNA-21 | Fe(CN)63−/4- | AuE | HCR | EIS | 10 fM–50 pM | 4.63 fM | A549, HeLa, MCF-7, RAW 264.7, and HUVEC cancer cells | [170] |
| miRNA-21 | Fe(CN)63−/4- | SPE/rGO-Au | - | DPV | 1 µM–1 pM | 1pM | Spiked artificial saliva | [183] |
| miRNA-319a | Fe(CN)63−/4- | GCE/AuNPs | nuclease S1 | DPV | 1000–5 pM | 1.8 pM | - | [184] |
| miRNA-21 | Fe(CN)63−/4- | FTO/NFG/AgNPs/PANI | - | DPV | 10 fM–10 μM | 0.2 fM | Spiked blood samples | [175] |
| miRNA-21 | Fe(CN)63−/4- | FTO/CGO/Au-PtBNPs/SA | - | DPV | 1 fM–1 μM | 1 fM | spiked human serum | [174] |
| miRNA-21 | Fe(CN)63−/4- | GCE/MWCNTs | TRNEAS | DPV | 0.1 fM–5 pM | 56.7 aM | MDA-MB-231, MCF-7, HeLa, and L02 cell | [173] |
| hsa-miR-486-5p | Fe(CN)63−/4- | Laser induced graphene | - | DPV | 10 fM | - | [177] | |
| miRNA-375 | Fe(CN)63−/4- | AuE | - | SWV | 10–30 fM | 11.7 aM | CaP cells (PC-3, DU145, and LNCaP) |
[185] |
| miRNA | [Ru(NH3)6]3+/2+ | GCE/Ni PFNs | - | EIS | 0.1–2500 pM | 0.034 pM | A549 cancer cells | [179] |
| let-7a | [Ru(NH3)6]3+/2+ | GCE/CNTs | CNT based solid-phase RCA | DPV | 1.2 fM | HeLa cells | [186] | |
| miRNA-21 | Fe(CN)63−/4−/[Ru(NH3)6]3+/2+ | ITO | - | DPV | 0.1–1500 fM | 33 aM | HeLa, A549, MCF-7 cancer cells | [180] |
Abbreviations: HCR, hybridization chain reaction; FTO, fluorine-doped tin oxide; NFG, nitrogen-doped functionalized graphene; AgNPs, silver nanoparticles; PANI, polyaniline; CGO, carboxylated graphene oxide; Au-PtBNPs, gold platinum bimetallic nanoparticles; SA, streptavidine; GCE, glassy carbon electrode; MWCNTs, multi-walled-carbone nanotube; AuE, gold electrode; MGCE, magnetic glassy carbon electrode; GO, graphene oxide; Fe(CN)63−/4, ferri/ferrocyanide; DPV, differential pulse voltammetry; MDA-MB-231, human breast cancer cell lines; MCF-7, human breast adenocarcinoma cell line; HeLa, human cervical cancer cell line; and L02 cell; SWV, square wave voltammetry; DSN, duplex-specific nuclease; EIS, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy; GNR, gold nanoroad; Pt wire/Ti3C2Tx@FePcQDs, platinium wire/iron phthalocyanine quantum dots; HUVEC, human umbilical vein endothelial; A549, non-small cell lung; RAW 264.7, mouse leukemia cells of monocyte-macrophage; biotin-FNPs, biotine-phenylalanine nanoparticles; Ni PFNs, nickel phosphate nanostructures; [Ru(NH3)6]3+/2+, hexaammineruthenium(III) chloride; TRNEAS, target-recycled non-enzymatic amplification strategy; ITO, indium tinoxide; PNT, peptide nanotube nanocomposite; biotin-FNPs, biotinylated phenylalanine nanoparticles; Au, gold; rGO, reduced graphene oxide; RCA, rolling-circle amplification.