Figure 7.

The spectrum of cardiorenal syndrome. This is a schematic representation of how HO-1 upregulation results in improved mitochondrial function and signaling pathways PGC1 α, PRDM 16, OPA1, and MFN-2. Upregulation also results in decreased inflammatory adipocytokines (NOV/CCN3, IL-6, and NF-kB) and fibrotic markers (MMP2 and MMP9). The result was the “browning” of white adipocytes to “beige”, improving cardiac and renal functions. HO-1 = heme oxygenase 1; AMPK = AMP-activated protein kinase; PSO = pomegranate seed oil; TQ = thymoquinone; NF-kB = nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B-cells; NOV/CCN3 = nephroblastoma overexpressed; IL-6 = interleukin 6; MMP2 = matrix metalloproteinase 2; MMP9 = matrix metalloproteinase 9; PRDM16 = PR domain containing 16; PGC-1 α = peroxisome proliferator-receptor gamma coactivator 1α; MFN-2 = mitofusin-2; OPA1 = mitochondrial dynamin-like GTPase.