Table 1. Demographic Characteristics, Diabetes Control Indices, and Sleep-Related Variables in Three Groups of Chronotypea.
| Total (N = 140) | Morning Chronotype (N = 42) | Intermediate Chronotype (N = 40) | Evening Chronotype (N = 58) | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y | 40.7 ± 3.3 | 40.5 ± 3.4 | 40.8 ± 3.8 | 40.8 ± 3.0 | 0.854 |
| Sex (% of females) | 57.9 | 54.8 | 52.5 | 63.8 | 0.479 |
| Duration of diabetes, y | 5.8 ± 2.9 | 5.1 ± 2.0 | 6.0 ± 3.2 | 6.2 ± 3.3 | 0.136 |
| BMI, kg/m 2 | 27.1 ± 3.3 | 25.9 ± 3.2 | 27.3 ± 3.5 | 27.8 ± 3.0 | 0.016b |
| FBS, mg/dL | 150.0 ± 30.7 | 132.7 ± 23.1 | 147.2 ± 21.3 | 164.5 ± 34.1 | 0.0001c |
| HbA1c, % | 7.8 ± 1.4 | 6.9 ± 0.4 | 7.5 ± 0.8 | 8.7 ± 1.7 | 0.0001c |
| Duration of sleep, h | 7.5 ± 1.2 | 7.9 ± 0.8 | 7.1 ± 0.9 | 7.3 ± 1.5 | 0.013b |
| Severity of insomnia, % | 0.0001b, d | ||||
| 0 | 62.1 | 90.5 | 57.5 | 44.8 | |
| 1 | 30 | 4.8 | 37.5 | 43.1 | |
| 2 | 7.9 | 4.8 | 5 | 12.1 | |
| Duration of falling asleep, min | 15.1 ± 10.8 | 9.1 ± 7.4 | 13.8 ± 7.6 | 20.2 ± 12.4 | 0.0001c |
| Time of going to bed | 23 PM (23 - 24) | 22 PM (22 - 23) | 23 PM (23 - 24) | 24 PM (23 - 1 AM) | 0.0001c |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; FBS, fasting blood sugar; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin.
aValues are expressed as mean ± SD or median (interquartile range).
bSignificant difference between chronotypes of morning and intermediate, and morning an evening.
cSignificant difference between three groups.
dMultiple comparisons between three groups, P = 0.017 was considered significant.