Table 2.
Baseline characteristics (means and percentages) of the weighted samples by exposure status and country.
| Sweden | Spain | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Loneliness | Isolation | Loneliness | Isolation | |||||||||
| Low | High | p-Value | Low | High | p-Value | Low | High | p-Value | Low | High | p-Value | |
| n | 2470 | 525 | 2366 | 629 | 3329 | 825 | 2772 | 1382 | ||||
| Age | 66.1 | 69.9 | <0.001 | 66.3 | 68.8 | <0.001 | 65.3 | 71.0 | <0.001 | 66.2 | 67.2 | 0.32 |
| 50–64 | 48.9% | 36.4% | 48.7% | 37.8% | 53.1% | 32.3% | 50.0% | 45.8% | ||||
| 65–74 | 31.3% | 29.6% | 30.6% | 32.8% | 26.0% | 25.1% | 25.0% | 28.1% | ||||
| 75–84 | 15.5% | 21.3% | 15.7% | 20.4% | 15.7% | 28.9% | 18.8% | 17.0% | ||||
| 85+ | 4.3% | 12.7% | 5.0% | 9.0% | 5.2% | 13.7% | 6.2% | 9.1% | ||||
| Gender (female) | 49.4% | 64.4% | <0.001 | 56.0% | 36.7% | <0.001 | 50.0% | 69.0% | <0.001 | 57.1% | 44.8% | 0.001 |
| Wealth (thousand €) | 44.6 | 27.1 | <0.001 | 43.2 | 34.2 | 0.013 | 22.6 | 15.0 | 0.002 | 22.6 | 16.6 | 0.01 |
| Education level | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.001 | 0.62 | ||||||||
| Primary | 13.6% | 27.1% | 14.1% | 24.0% | 49.8% | 68.8% | 53.9% | 53.1% | ||||
| Secondary | 48.2% | 46.1% | 47.0% | 51.3% | 38.8% | 23.0% | 34.5% | 38.7% | ||||
| Tertiary | 38.2% | 26.8% | 38.9% | 24.7% | 11.4% | 8.2% | 11.6% | 8.2% | ||||
| Activity limitations | <0.001 | 0.08 | <0.001 | 0.25 | ||||||||
| 0 | 88.6% | 70.0% | 85.8% | 83.1% | 86.4% | 65.2% | 83.1% | 79.0% | ||||
| 1+ | 11.4% | 30.0% | 14.2% | 16.9% | 13.6% | 34.8% | 16.9% | 21.0% | ||||
| Chronic diseases | 1.21 | 1.75 | <0.001 | 1.32 | 1.28 | 0.60 | 1.69 | 2.52 | <0.001 | 1.80 | 2.00 | 0.13 |
| 0 | 37.1% | 21.6% | 34.1% | 35.1% | 24.7% | 10.3% | 22.9% | 18.4% | ||||
| 1 | 31.0% | 27.8% | 30.6% | 29.5% | 28.1% | 21.3% | 26.3% | 28.0% | ||||
| 2+ | 31.9% | 50.6% | 35.3% | 35.4% | 47.2% | 68.4% | 50.8% | 53.6% | ||||
| EURO-D | 1.67 | 3.40 | <0.001 | 1.99 | 1.96 | 0.85 | 1.74 | 4.68 | <0.001 | 2.23 | 2.66 | 0.03 |
| <4 | 86.3% | 61.4% | 81.3% | 84.0% | 82.0% | 38.5% | 74.9% | 68.4% | ||||
| ≥4 | 13.7% | 38.6% | 18.7% | 16.0% | 18.0% | 61.5% | 25.1% | 31.6% | ||||
| Memory (fair/poor) | 20.9% | 34.2% | <0.001 | 22.2% | 27.7% | <0.001 | 33.0% | 58.9% | <0.001 | 37.9% | 39.3% | 0.56 |
| Hearing (fair/poor) | 15.8% | 22.6% | 0.001 | 16.7% | 18.7% | 0.30 | 18.6% | 32.3% | 0.001 | 18.8% | 29.2% | 0.01 |
| Eyesight (fair/poor) | 12.7% | 17.0% | <0.001 | 12.8% | 15.9% | 0.14 | 19.4% | 31.7% | 0.001 | 22.3% | 20.5% | 0.23 |
| CASP-12 (baseline) | 40.6 | 34.7 | <0.001 | 39.8 | 38.4 | <0.001 | 36.8 | 30.8 | 0.001 | 36.3 | 33.3 | <0.001 |
| Loneliness | - | - | - | 3.68 | 3.93 | 0.002 | - | - | - | 3.70 | 3.91 | 0.03 |
| Low | - | - | - | 83.3% | 76.6% | - | - | - | 80.5% | 77.8% | ||
| High | - | - | - | 16.7% | 23.4% | - | - | - | 19.5% | 22.2% | ||
| Social isolation | 1.78 | 2.03 | <0.001 | - | - | - | 1.91 | 1.95 | 0.50 | - | - | - |
| Low | 81.3% | 74.1% | - | - | - | 75.7% | 72.6% | - | - | - | ||
| High | 18.7% | 25.9% | - | - | - | 24.3% | 27.4% | - | - | - | ||
Note: p-values obtained using ANOVA. Percentages obtained from one imputation dataset.