Table 6.
Oxidative stress characteristics in the OSA group with cardiovascular complications (CVC) vs OSA without CVC group.
| Author | Study and Control Characteristics | Biomarker Levels | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sample Size (n) | Age ± SD | Male (%) | Mean BMI ± SD | Mean AHI ± SD | CVC (%) | Differences in Groups * | Results | Differences in Groups ^ | |||
| Feres et al. [66] | OSA + comorbidities | Age (OSA + comorbidities and OSA vs control), BMI (OSA + comorbidities vs control) |
oxLDL: 89.42 ± 29.53 U/L | No | |||||||
| 48 | 53.77 ± 8.03 | 36 | 28.97 ± 3.11 | 25.02 ± 15.97 | HT: 41.6 | ||||||
| OSA | oxLDL: 83.63 ± 25.2 U/L | ||||||||||
| 24 | 50.75 ± 7.43 | 50 | 28.13 ± 3.74 | 23.07 ± 18.59 | HT: 0 | ||||||
| Control | oxLDL: 69.46 ± 24.79 U/L | ||||||||||
| 27 | 44.38 ± 7.03 | 38 | 25.79 ± 4.49 | 1.98 ± 1.69 | HT: 0 | ||||||
| İn et al. [67] | OSA with CV Risk Factors (obesity, hypercholesterolemia, DM, HT and smoking) | Age (OSA with CV risk factors vs OSA without CV risk factors and control subjects), BMI (OSA with CV risk factors vs OSA without CV risk factors and control subjects) |
ADMA: 0.64 ± 0.12 µmol/L | ADMA (control subjects vs OSA with and without CV risk factors) | |||||||
| 26 | 57.5 ± 10.8 | 65.4 | 38.5 ± 8.6 | 34.8 ± 23.3 | 80.7# | ||||||
| OSA without CV Risk Factors | ADMA: 0.67 ± 0.13 µmol/L | ||||||||||
| 14 | 45.9 ± 8.8 | 85.7 | 28.5 ± 1.6 | 28.3 ± 24.6 | 0# | ||||||
| Control Subjects | ADMA: 0.47 ± 0.19 µmol/L | ||||||||||
| 20 | 49.3 ± 10.9 | 70 | 26.7 ± 2.3 | 1.9 ± 1.2 | 0 | ||||||
| Lavie et al. [68] | OSA + CVD | Age (OSA + CVD vs OSA − CVD and controls), BMI (OSA + CVD vs OSA − CVD and controls; OSA − CVD vs controls) |
TBARS: 18.6 ± 7.3 nmol MDA/mL PON1:79.5 ± 13.6 U/min/mL |
TBARS (controls vs OSA + CVD and OSA − CVD), PON1 (controls vs OSA + CVD) |
|||||||
| 59 | 58.5 ± 11.3 | 83.0 | 30.6 ± 5.5 | 31.3 ± 18.5 | IHD: 37.9 MI: 8.5 HT: 75.9 |
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| OSA - CVD | TBARS: 17.2 ± 6.3 nmol MDA/mL PON1:86.7 ± 17.6 U/min/mL |
||||||||||
| 55 | 46.8 ± 10.2 | 85.5 | 28.4 ± 3.5 | 26.9 ± 13.8 | IHD: 0 MI: 0 HT: 0 |
||||||
| Controls | TBARS: 12.9 ± 3.5 nmol MDA/mL PON1:92.1 ± 14.4 U/min/mL |
||||||||||
| 30 | 42.9 ± 13.8 | 90.0 | 26.0 ± 3.2 | 8.2 ± 2.6 | IHD: 3.3 MI: 0 HT: 13.3 |
||||||
| Murri et al. [69] | Hypertensive OSA | Data provided for the whole studied population only $ | CAT: 2.52 ± 1.15 nmol/min/m GPx: 20.49 ± 5.52 mmol/min/mL SOD: 0.066 ± 0.025 U/mL TAC: 3.605 ± 1.338 mmol/L |
CAT, TAC | |||||||
| 60 | 55.32 ± 11.28 $ | - | 32.21 ± 5.19 $ | 54.77 ± 19.34 $ | HT: 100 | ||||||
| Normotensive OSA | CAT: 2.66 ± 1.19 nmol/min/m GPx: 23.34 ± 7.64 mmol/min/mL SOD: 0.072 ± 0.021 U/mL TAC: 4.127 ± 1.256 mmol/L |
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| 18 | 55.32 ± 11.28 $ | - | 32.21 ± 5.19 $ | 54.77 ± 19.34 $ | HT: 0 | ||||||
| Ortaç Ersoy et al. [60] | OSA | AHI (OSA group vs OSA + CAD group) | NOx: 66.7 ± 20.3 μmol/L Hcy: 14.3 ± 2.7 μmol/L TAC: 2.2 ± 0.4 μmol/L |
No | |||||||
| 15 | 53.7 ± 8.1 | - | 27.5 ± 3.2 | 41.6 ± 27.4 | CAD: 0 | ||||||
| CAD | NOx: 77.6 ± 16.6 μmol/L Hcy: 16.4 ± 6.8 μmol/L TAC: 2.2 ± 0.2 μmol/L |
||||||||||
| 15 | 53.2 ± 7.2 | - | 25.7 ± 3.6 | 1.9 ± 1.2 | CAD: 100 | ||||||
| OSA + CAD | NOx: 83.7 ± 26.9 μmol/L Hcy: 16.9 ± 4.6 μmol/L TAC: 2.2 ± 0.3 μmol/L |
||||||||||
| 12 | 54.7 ± 6.9 | - | 28.0 ± 3.4 | 16.2 ± 9.7 | CAD: 100 | ||||||
| Normal | NOx: 73.8 ± 17.8 μmol/L Hcy: 12.3 ± 2.5 μmol/L TAC: 2.1 ± 0.3 μmol/L |
||||||||||
| 10 | 48.8 ± 6.6 | - | 26.2 ± 1.6 | 2.7 ± 1.9 | CAD: 0 | ||||||
* p < 0.05 when comparing age, BMI, CVC/AHI in OSA controls; ^ p < 0.05 when comparing biomarkers; # cardiovascular risk factors in the reported group is shown as a percentage of patients presenting at least one of the following: obesity, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes mellitus, hypertension and smoking. 7.7% of the patients had hypertension without other risk factors. 73.1% had more than one risk factor. Unable to extract exact data regarding the prevalence of CVC; $ Author provided biometrical data of the whole studied population, not providing data after dividing patients into hypertensive and normotensive groups. SD, standard deviation; BMI, body mass index; AHI, apnea/hypopnea index; CVC, cardiovascular complication; HT, hypertension; oxLDL, oxidized low-density lipoprotein; CV, cardiovascular; DM, diabetes mellitus; ADMA, asymmetric dimethylarginine; CVD, cardiovascular disease; IHD, ischemic heart disease; MI, myocardial infarction; TBARS, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances; MDA, malondialdehyde; PON1, Serum paraoxonase 1; CAT, catalase; TAC, total antioxidant capacity; GPx, glutathione peroxidase; SOD, Superoxide dismutase; CAD, coronary artery disease; NOx, nitrate/nitrate; Hcy, homocysteine.