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. 2020 Nov 20;21(22):8813. doi: 10.3390/ijms21228813

Table 1.

Overview of the main candidate vaccine antigens with the related immune response induced for each pathogen.

Pathogen Protein Immune Response Induced References
Anaplasma spp. Native Major Surface Protein-1 (MSP-1), MSP-2 and MSP-3 outer membranes CD4+ T lymphocyte and Immunoglobulin G2 responses [23]
A. marginale MSP1a + carbon nanotubes Production of IgG1 and IgG2a, increases in pro-TNF-α, IL-12, IL-18 and IL-10 cytokines [24]
A. marginale type IV secretion system proteins, VirB9-1 and VirB9-2 CD4+ T-lymphocyte proliferation and IgG2 production [27]
Ehrlichia spp. E. ruminantium peptides from Erum0660, Erum1150, Erum2540, Erum5420, Erum7140. Erum7320, Erum7350, Erum7360, Erum7620 and Erum8010 Stimulation of memory CD4+ T cells proliferation and IFN-γ production in immune sheep Peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMCs) [34]
Outer Membrane Proteins (OMPs)
  • -

    P28 (OMP-1)

  • -

    P28-9 (OMP-1g)

  • -

    P28-12

  • -

    P28-19
  • -

    Specific IgG2a release

  • -

    Protection in vivo

 [49,50,51]
Tandem Repeat Proteins (TRPs)
  • -

    E. chaffensis/E. canis orthologs RP120/TRP140, TRP75/TRP95, TRP47/TRP36 and TRP32/TRP19
  • -

    Epitope-specific antibody (Ab) release, mainly IgG1

  • -

    Inhibition of Signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (Stat1), Janus Kinase 1 and 2 (Jak1 and Jak2) phosphorylation induced by IFN- γ (for TRP47)

  • -

    Replication inhibition in vitro

  • -

    Reduction in bacterial load in vivo

 [37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44]
  • -

    E. muris ortholog P29
  • -

    Strong IgG antibody response

  • -

    IFN-γ expression in CD4+ T cells, activating macrophage microbicidal activity

 [40]
Ankyrin repeat proteins
  • -

    E. chaffeensis Ank200
  • -

    Specific antibodies release

  • -

    TNF-α induction

  • -

    Modulation of expression of Jak/Stat genes

 [42]
Heat-shock protein 60 (Hsp60/GroEL)
  • -

    Specific antibodies release

  • -

    Protection in vivo

 [50]
  • -

    Ferric ion-binding protein (Fbp)
  • -

    Specific antibodies release

 [38]
Rickettsia spp. Surface Cell Antigens (Sca)
  • -

    OmpA

  • -

    OmpB
  • -

    Production of opsonising Abs promoting phagocyte-dependent killing of Rickettsiae

  • -

    Protection from experimental R. conorii infection

 [61,63,64]
Candidate antigens from R. prowazekii
  • -

    RP739

  • -

    RP403

  • -

    RP734

  • -

    RP598

  • -

    RP778
  • -

    Development of CD8+ T cells expressing IFN-γ

  • -

    Protection from experimental R. typhi and R. conorii infection (cross-protection)

 [66]
RP778
  • -

    IFN-γ expression in CD4+ T cells

 [66]
RP778
  • -

    IFN-γ expression in CD4+ T cells

 [66]
Babesia spp. Rhoptry-Associated Protein (RAP-1) Antigen-specific IgG and IFN-γ release [72]
Heat-shock protein 20 (Hsp 20) T cell proliferation and IFN-γ production [71]
B. microti surface antigen (BMSA) Th17 and Th2 activation and IgG1 secretion [73]
B. divergens Apical Membrane Antigen-1 (BdAMA-1) IgG1, IgG2, Th1 and Th2 activation [74]
B. bovis rhoptry neck protein 2 (RON2) Induction of partially neutralizing antibodies that blocked the invasion process [79]
Chimeric multi-antigen Antigen-specific IgG1, CD4+ and CD8+ IFN-γ+ [81,82,83]
Theileria parva Tp1–Tp2–Tp4–Tp5–Tp7–Tp8 CD8+ T-cell responses [92,94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101]
p67 Ab production [102]
Polymorphyc immunodominant molecule (PIM) Production of Ab with neutralizing activity [103,104]
p150 Ab production
Theileria annulata Ta5–Ta9–Ta11 CD8+ T-cell responses [105]
SPAG-1 Induction of IL-4-producing T-cells [106]
Tams1 Ab production [107]
TaSP (homologue of T. parva PIM) Production of neutralizing Ab [108]
Theileria orientalis Major piroplasm surface protein (MPSP) Ab production [109,110,111,112,113,114,115]
Theileria lestoquardi Tl8 –Tl9 CD8+ T-cell responses [116]