Table 2.
Associations of walkability and physical activity with selected chronic conditions and multi-morbidity at baseline.
| Main Effects | Cases | Adjusted Model a | |
|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | p-Value | ||
| Diabetes | |||
| Walkability quintile | |||
| Q1 (Least) | 208 | 1.11 (0.83,1.47) | 0.493 |
| Q2 | 146 | 0.98 (0.74,1.3) | 0.8826 |
| Q3 | 172 | 1.06 (0.82,1.36) | 0.6681 |
| Q4 | 168 | 1.15 (0.9,1.46) | 0.2557 |
| Q5 (Most) | 151 | 1 (Ref) | - |
| Physical activity | |||
| Low | 365 | 1.78 (1.5,2.12) | <0.0001 |
| Moderate | 255 | 1.19 (0.99,1.43) | 0.0669 |
| High | 225 | 1 (Ref) | - |
| Cancer (excluding skin cancer) | |||
| Walkability quintile | |||
| Q1 (Least) | 165 | 2.96 (1.94,4.54) | <0.0001 |
| Q2 | 53 | 1.27 (0.81,2.01) | 0.3009 |
| Q3 | 84 | 1.8 (1.2,2.69) | 0.0045 |
| Q4 | 91 | 2.14 (1.46,3.13) | <0.0001 |
| Q5 (Most) | 43 | 1 (Ref) | - |
| Physical activity | |||
| Low | 132 | 0.85 (0.67,1.08) | 0.1738 |
| Moderate | 143 | 0.93 (0.73,1.17) | 0.5119 |
| High | 161 | 1 (Ref) | - |
| Depression | |||
| Walkability quintile | |||
| Q1 (Least) | 220 | 2.08 (1.47,2.95) | <0.0001 |
| Q2 | 56 | 0.77 (0.52,1.15) | 0.1972 |
| Q3 | 110 | 1.28 (0.92,1.78) | 0.135 |
| Q4 | 135 | 1.75 (1.3,2.36) | 0.0002 |
| Q5 (Most) | 76 | 1 (Ref) | - |
| Physical activity | |||
| Low | 234 | 1.21 (0.99,1.48) | 0.0579 |
| Moderate | 173 | 0.93 (0.75,1.15) | 0.4902 |
| High | 190 | 1 (Ref) | - |
| CVD (MI or Stroke) | |||
| Walkability quintile | |||
| Q1 (Least) | 98 | 1.27 (0.85,1.90) | 0.2412 |
| Q2 | 70 | 1.08 (0.73,1.59) | 0.7127 |
| Q3 | 77 | 1.05 (0.74,1.50) | 0.7900 |
| Q4 | 74 | 1.04 (0.74,1.45) | 0.8345 |
| Q5 (Most) | 81 | 1 (Ref) | - |
| Physical activity | |||
| Low | 149 | 1.26 (0.98,1.61) | 0.0667 |
| Moderate | 124 | 1.01 (0.78,1.30) | 0.9487 |
| High | 127 | 1 (Ref) | - |
| Chronic respiratory conditions b | |||
| Walkability quintile | |||
| Q1 (Least) | 85 | 0.62 (0.43,0.89) | 0.0102 |
| Q2 | 106 | 1.01 (0.73,1.4) | 0.9504 |
| Q3 | 107 | 0.89 (0.66,1.2) | 0.4476 |
| Q4 | 103 | 0.91 (0.68,1.2) | 0.4877 |
| Q5 (Most) | 121 | 1 (Ref) | - |
| Physical activity | |||
| Low | 209 | 1.27 (1.03,1.56) | 0.0244 |
| Moderate | 140 | 0.82 (0.66,1.03) | 0.0958 |
| High | 173 | 1 (Ref) | - |
| Multi-morbidity c | |||
| Walkability quintile | |||
| Q1 (Least) | 1261 | 1.01 (0.88,1.17) | 0.8406 |
| Q2 | 1008 | 0.99 (0.87,1.13) | 0.8567 |
| Q3 | 1175 | 1.08 (0.96,1.22) | 0.2132 |
| Q4 | 1137 | 1.14 (1.02,1.28) | 0.0247 |
| Q5 (Most) | 1074 | 1 (Ref) | - |
| Physical activity | |||
| Low | 2084 | 1.35 (1.24,1.47) | <0.0001 |
| Moderate | 1762 | 1 (0.92,1.08) | 0.9448 |
| High | 1809 | 1 (Ref) | - |
Notes: Q1—Quintile 1 (low); Q2—Quintile 2; Q3—Quintile 3; Q4—Quintile 4; Q5—Quintile 5 (high); the interaction term for physical activity and Active Living Environment (walkability) for each of the outcomes was tested in the model and were not significant at the 0.05 level; a adjusted for sex, age, rurality, socioeconomic status (both material/social deprivation scores quintile), alcohol consumption, daily servings of fruit and vegetables, smoking status, and physical activity/walkability where appropriate; b chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, emphysema, and chronic bronchitis; c number of all chronic conditions ≥2.