Table 3.
Sociodemographic and health-related participant characteristics categorized by walking quintile at follow-up.
| Variables | Walkability Quintile (Based on ale_06 a) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 (Least) | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 (Most) | ||
| n = 1505 | n = 1268 | n = 1375 | n = 1388 | n = 1374 | p-Value f | |
| Sex, N (%) | 0.0352 | |||||
| Male | 399 (26.5) | 371 (29.3) | 413 (30) | 442 (31.8) | 405 (29.4) | |
| Female | 1106 (73.5) | 897 (70.7) | 962 (70) | 946 (68.2) | 971 (70.6) | |
| Age (SD) | 53.3 (8.8) | 53.4 (8.7) | 53.5 (8.7) | 53.3 (8.8) | 54.0 (8.7) | |
| Age group, N (%) | 0.4170 | |||||
| 35–49 | 512 (34) | 419 (33) | 455 (33.1) | 480 (34.6) | 417 (30.3) | |
| 50–59 | 567 (37.7) | 465 (36.7) | 519 (37.7) | 500 (36) | 534 (38.8) | |
| 60–69 | 426 (28.3) | 384 (30.3) | 401 (29.2) | 408 (29.4) | 425 (30.9) | |
| Rurality b, N (%) | <0.0001 | |||||
| No | 649 (43.1) | 910 (71.8) | 1050 (76.4) | 1219 (87.8) | 1363 (99.1) | |
| Yes | 730 (48.5) | 326 (25.7) | 262 (19.1) | 143 (10.3) | 6 (0.4) | |
| Unknown | 126 (8.4) | 32 (2.5) | 63 (4.6) | 26 (1.9) | 7 (0.5) | |
| Material deprivation c | ||||||
| (quintile), N (%) | <0.0001 | |||||
| Q1 (Least deprived) | 64 (4.3) | 232 (18.3) | 263 (19.1) | 507 (36.5) | 669 (48.6) | |
| Q2 | 187 (12.4) | 211 (16.6) | 299 (21.7) | 260 (18.7) | 304 (22.1) | |
| Q3 | 337 (22.4) | 331 (26.1) | 259 (18.8) | 275 (19.8) | 120 (8.7) | |
| Q4 | 471 (31.3) | 243 (19.2) | 255 (18.5) | 147 (10.6) | 182 (13.2) | |
| Q5 (Most deprived) | 293 (19.5) | 194 (15.3) | 224 (16.3) | 124 (8.9) | 59 (4.3) | |
| Unknown | 153 (10.2) | 57 (4.5) | 75 (5.5) | 75 (5.4) | 42 (3.1) | |
| Social deprivation d | ||||||
| (quintile), N (%) | <0.0001 | |||||
| Q1 (Least deprived) | 329 (21.9) | 432 (34.1) | 342 (24.9) | 249 (17.9) | 90 (6.5) | |
| Q2 | 629 (41.8) | 381 (30) | 298 (21.7) | 311 (22.4) | 192 (14) | |
| Q3 | 241 (16) | 221 (17.4) | 228 (16.6) | 133 (9.6) | 130 (9.4) | |
| Q4 | 125 (8.3) | 127 (10) | 242 (17.6) | 280 (20.2) | 295 (21.4) | |
| Q5 (Most deprived) | 28 (1.9) | 50 (3.9) | 190 (13.8) | 340 (24.5) | 627 (45.6) | |
| Unknown | 153 (10.2) | 57 (4.5) | 75 (5.5) | 75 (5.4) | 42 (3.1) | |
| Physical activity e | 0.0889 | |||||
| Low | 496 (33) | 400 (31.5) | 469 (34.1) | 494 (35.6) | 445 (32.3) | |
| Moderate | 497 (33) | 414 (32.6) | 439 (31.9) | 459 (33.1) | 496 (36) | |
| High | 512 (34) | 454 (35.8) | 467 (34) | 435 (31.3) | 435 (31.6) | |
| Smoking status | 0.0014 | |||||
| Never smoked | 802 (53.3) | 649 (51.2) | 704 (51.2) | 777 (56) | 776 (56.4) | |
| Former smoker | 558 (37.1) | 531 (41.9) | 559 (40.7) | 515 (37.1) | 506 (36.8) | |
| Current smoker | 126 (8.4) | 82 (6.5) | 105 (7.6) | 90 (6.5) | 87 (6.3) | |
| Unknown | 19 (1.3) | 6 (0.5) | 7 (0.5) | 6 (0.4) | 7 (0.5) | |
| Daily fruits/vegetables intake | 0.0357 | |||||
| ≤4 | 726 (48.2) | 634 (50) | 669 (48.7) | 661 (47.6) | 735 (53.4) | |
| ≥5 | 748 (49.7) | 612 (48.3) | 677 (49.2) | 710 (51.2) | 621 (45.1) | |
| Unknown | 31 (2.1) | 22 (1.7) | 29 (2.1) | 17 (1.2) | 20 (1.5) | |
| Alcohol consumption | <0.0001 | |||||
| Abstainer | 88 (5.8) | 69 (5.4) | 62 (4.5) | 69 (5) | 66 (4.8) | |
| Occasional drinker | 416 (27.6) | 340 (26.8) | 397 (28.9) | 362 (26.1) | 272 (19.8) | |
| Regular | 679 (45.1) | 586 (46.2) | 645 (46.9) | 679 (48.9) | 639 (46.4) | |
| Habitual drinker | 242 (16.1) | 233 (18.4) | 230 (16.7) | 234 (16.9) | 354 (25.7) | |
| Unknown | 80 (5.3) | 40 (3.2) | 41 (3) | 44 (3.2) | 45 (3.3) | |
Note: Q1—Quintile 1 (low); Q2—Quintile 2; Q3—Quintile 3; Q4—Quintile 4; Q5—Quintile 5 (high); a Active Living Environment (ALE) Index—sum of all z-scores (Atlantic Partnership for Tomorrow’s Health (PATH) Cohort linked with Canadian Active Living Environments (Can-ALE) walkability data); The following variables were linked to the Atlantic PATH data from the Canadian Urban Environmental Health Research Consortium; b Based on MSD_06-Geographical area—Large census metropolitan area, other census metropolitan area, census agglomeration, and rural; c Based on MSD_08-Deprivation index—material factor score; d Based on MSD_09-Deprivation index—Social factor score; e International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) data from both long and short forms were used to calculate categorical (low, moderate, high) physical activity scores by sex-specific total metabolic expenditure (MET-minutes/week); f F-test for continuous variables and Chi-Square test for categorical variables.