Skeletal stem cells (SSCs) (and their progenitors) in mice and humans can be isolated on the basis of distinctive immunophenotypic cell surface markers. a | Human SSC hierarchy immunophenotypic profile, beginning with a human SSC at the apex, differentiating into a human bone, cartilage and stromal progenitor and into its committed progenitors: human cartilage progenitors, human osteoprogenitors and human stromal cells. b | Mouse SSC immunophenotypic profile, beginning with a mouse SSC at the apex, differentiating into a mouse bone, cartilage and stromal progenitor and into its committed progenitors: mouse cartilage progenitors, mouse osteoprogenitors, mouse B lymphocyte stromal progenitors, mouse 6C3 cells and mouse hepatic leukaemia factor-expressing cells.