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. 2020 Nov 29;19(2):787–795. doi: 10.1007/s10311-020-01143-1

Fig. 2.

Fig. 2

Fecal-associated routes of COVID-19 transmission in communities with people practicing open defecation. Open defecation enables multiple routes of transmission for COVID-19 and other fecal pathogens, such as via contaminated shoes, objects, surfaces, and open water bodies due to inadequate hand hygiene after practicing open defecation, human outdoor activities, and excreta-related mechanical vectors